Conventional pharmacological therapies for ischaemic heart diseases Essay - 1

Conventional pharmacological therapies for ischaemic heart diseases and heart failure - Essay Example In the case of myocardial failure abnormality exists in the myocardium which leads to inability of myocardium to fulfill its required function to the heart. This leads to heart failure. In circulatory heart failure, the abnormality of circulation takes place. Any abnormality of circulation responsible for the inadequacy in the body tissue perfusion, for example, changes of vascular tones, decreased blood volume and disorder of heart function. The treatment of pathophysiology given by doctors is that they try to decrease the frequency of angina attack so that the prevention of acute coronary syndromes such as; MI could be survived. There are various treatments which could be given to the patient in case to prevent heart disease or heart failure. Some patients can be treated by the help of Bypass surgery, Left ventricular assist device (LVAD), Heart valve surgery, Infarct exclusion surgery or Heart transplant. All these treatments depend on the patient’s current state. (Heart Fa ilure Treatment)The proper diet helps to prevent heart failure which includes; fruits, vegetables, low fat products, eggs, meat, seafood, nuts, beans, peas etc. This could be done by taking the control over cholesterol improvement, blood pressure control, serum glucose control and smoking habits in the patients. (How Is Heart Failure Treated? )This whole treatment depends on after the doctor diagnoses the exact stage of heart failure. Heart failure can also be treated by the therapy of drugs treatment. The usage of such drugs might result in the cardiac of Congestive heart failure (CHF). Congestive heart failure is a clinical syndrome, which is developed due to the accumulation of the blood. The blood which is in front of the left heart or the blood on the right parts of the heart (Hanacek). The drugs may put the effect on cardiac preload, cardiac afterload or myocardial contractility. Those drugs which increase the cardiac preload or afterload will be harmful for the patient, and

How Technology Has Changed the World Essay Example for Free

How Technology Has Changed the World Essay The world has surely changes a lot in just a few years. The life people are living right now is way different than the life people used to live some years back. And if theres something responsible for this change, its technology. Technology has surely changed the world. It has also changed or thoughts about gadgets and other technological stuffs. Technology is that one thing that has been evolving each and every day making life of people simpler and easier. Technology is something that everyone is fond of. Doesnt mater if its a 5 year old boy or a 60 year old man,. everyone is interested int technology Technology has changed the way we look at out lives. Technology has brought a drastic change in your life. In our parents time, the term Luxury referred to Gold, Silver, acres of land they owned. But now, the most luxurious products are Gadgets or technological innovations. Technology has become everything for people. You want to decorate your house, you go for a big 65 led TV. You love music, you go and get a 5.1 Woofer which gives enough bass to shake the whole building. What you have describes your class. Anyone today wants to stay updated. No matter who you are, you will need to know about technology if you dont want to be called a fool. Technology has inspired a lot of us including me. So, let us all stay updated and know about gadgets. Read more:Â  How Technology Changed Our Lives

Escaping the Cage of Marriage in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essays

Escaping the Cage of Marriage in A Doll House      Ã‚  Ã‚   A bird may have beautiful wings, but within a cage, the beautiful wings are useless. Within the cage, the bird is not fulfilling the potential for which it was created - it is merely a household decoration.   In Ibsen's symbolic play A Doll House, Nora is the bird, and her marriage is the cage. Externally, Nora is a beautiful creature entertaining her husband with the beautiful images of a docile wife, but internally, she is a desperate creature longing to explore her potential outside the cage of her marriage. In a society dominated by the expectations of men, Nora must choose between the obligations determined by her role as wife in opposition to the obligations of self, in determining her true identity. Within the context of love, she commits forgery, and through this deception, discovers her marriage is nothing more than an illusion, and she nothing more than a doll within Torvald's house. In Act I, the Christmas tree symbolizes the Helmer's marriage. Externally, the tree is beautifully decorated, but internally it is dying because the tree has no roots to feed it. Nora and Helmer are playing the roles that society has taught them. He is the strong provider and protector; Nora is the helpless little woman who depends on him. Like the Christmas tree, the Helmer's marriage is just an image of beauty, dying on the inside. After Krogstad informs Nora that he intends to blackmail her, she tells the maid to bring her the tree and set it in the middle of the floor (center stage) (1581). Nora begins to decorate the tree:    [I'll put c]andles here [and] flowers here. That terrible creature! Talk, talk, talk! There's nothing to it at all. The tree [is] going to be lo... ...ond the cage, the beautiful wings carry the bird into a life worth living. A life where the birds have the opportunity to accomplish the obligations of their creation is the only life worth living.    Works Cited Baruch, Elaine Hoffman. "Ibsen's Doll House: A Myth for Our Time." The Yale Review 69 (1980): 374-387. Gray, Ronald, ed. Ibsen-A Dissenting View: A Study of the Last Twelve Plays. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1961. Ibsen, Henrick. A Doll House. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. 5th   ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 1564-1612. Northram, John. "Ibsen's Search for the Hero." Ibsen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Rolf Fjelde. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1965. 107-113. Templeton, Joan. "The Doll House Backlash: Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA   104.1(1989): 28-40. Escaping the Cage of Marriage in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essays Escaping the Cage of Marriage in A Doll House      Ã‚  Ã‚   A bird may have beautiful wings, but within a cage, the beautiful wings are useless. Within the cage, the bird is not fulfilling the potential for which it was created - it is merely a household decoration.   In Ibsen's symbolic play A Doll House, Nora is the bird, and her marriage is the cage. Externally, Nora is a beautiful creature entertaining her husband with the beautiful images of a docile wife, but internally, she is a desperate creature longing to explore her potential outside the cage of her marriage. In a society dominated by the expectations of men, Nora must choose between the obligations determined by her role as wife in opposition to the obligations of self, in determining her true identity. Within the context of love, she commits forgery, and through this deception, discovers her marriage is nothing more than an illusion, and she nothing more than a doll within Torvald's house. In Act I, the Christmas tree symbolizes the Helmer's marriage. Externally, the tree is beautifully decorated, but internally it is dying because the tree has no roots to feed it. Nora and Helmer are playing the roles that society has taught them. He is the strong provider and protector; Nora is the helpless little woman who depends on him. Like the Christmas tree, the Helmer's marriage is just an image of beauty, dying on the inside. After Krogstad informs Nora that he intends to blackmail her, she tells the maid to bring her the tree and set it in the middle of the floor (center stage) (1581). Nora begins to decorate the tree:    [I'll put c]andles here [and] flowers here. That terrible creature! Talk, talk, talk! There's nothing to it at all. The tree [is] going to be lo... ...ond the cage, the beautiful wings carry the bird into a life worth living. A life where the birds have the opportunity to accomplish the obligations of their creation is the only life worth living.    Works Cited Baruch, Elaine Hoffman. "Ibsen's Doll House: A Myth for Our Time." The Yale Review 69 (1980): 374-387. Gray, Ronald, ed. Ibsen-A Dissenting View: A Study of the Last Twelve Plays. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1961. Ibsen, Henrick. A Doll House. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. 5th   ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 1564-1612. Northram, John. "Ibsen's Search for the Hero." Ibsen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Rolf Fjelde. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1965. 107-113. Templeton, Joan. "The Doll House Backlash: Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA   104.1(1989): 28-40.

Education Values Essay -- essays research papers fc

Discussions on particular educational curricular issues or programs reflect not only educational values but societal values as well. Three areas in particular that have been eliciting much discussion are bilingual education programs, services within schools for gay and lesbian students, and inclusion of multicultural curricula. Among each of these programs, questions have been raised about their relativity to education and the comprehensive research to prove that these programs are beneficial to students.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bilingual education is a fairly new program, in which foreign-born students learn English for one period during the day while all their other classes are taught in their native tongue (Holloway). This program isn’t just restricted to students who are learning English as their second language, it is also required of English speaking students as well. It gives them an opportunity to acquire a second language easily by allowing them to interact with foreign-born students in order to learn more about their culture and their language (Holloway). School Chancellor Harold O. Levy has supported this program from the beginning. â€Å"The goal of dual-language models is to promote long-term literacy in both groups of students†¦whether for cultural, economic or educational reasons,† said Levy. Skeptics like Ron K. Unz said that dual-language programs require specialized teachers, and it is difficult to measure their effectiveness on immigrant children due to t...

Assumption Paper

Rio Salazar Professor Kampa English composition 122 August 15, 2012 Assumption Paper Music history is the easiest way to appreciate the craft no matter genre, instrument, sound, or origin. It also gives one a chance to get an understanding of what life is like in a different country by the way they dance to their music, or how they react when their music comes on. One thing that should be learned in music history is the appreciation of music.The second thing that should be learned is how music influences people all over the world no matter the language, whether it is an instrumental or acapella, all people will react different. The last thing that should be learned is the different time periods of all music to see how it has changed over the years. Clearly you can understand that these are the main points of music history. Music appreciation is an important aspect because it allows one to gain knowledge about many genres of music. It teaches the origins of different types of music. I t shows one how to expand their range of music.Music appreciation also allows one to find out the origins of the genres. In many ways music appreciation allows people to expand their taste in music. Music history will teach people how music influences people all over the world. It will help people understand how the music people listen to makes them feel in everyday life, and how it influences the way they dance to the music they hear. Lastly how the different regions influences the music and its style. All in all this is how it would teach the music’s influences on people in their everyday lives.The different styles that have been developed over the years would be the next thing taught in music history. First off there would be so many different styles of music as the years go on because, things tend to expand, and music expanded quickly. Also as the years went by music expanded and so did the use of different instruments. Lastly this is how music has changed due to new styl es developing over the years, and the use and construction of new instruments. Music is the sauce of life and without it would be bland and very boring with nearly nothing for entertainment.

Ethics and Religion

Ethics and Religion Free Online Research Papers 1. Part two of McClendon concerns the church as a caring community. This community is not isolated but is part of the world. It has rules or laws that govern its actions and activities individually and collectively. One cannot embrace Christianity and live outside of society but, Christians should live in this world with its social mores as unified followers of Christ. We must be guided by the Holy Spirit to live socially, politically, and morally. Christians cannot ignore the fact that we live in a world with principalities and powers. These powers are not other worldly but they are of such that we deal with in our everyday lives. In our government we hear that there is a separation of church and state but, as followers of Christ we cannot ignore these powers. I believe we can live and be nonviolent but we cannot live not speaking out against the unjust deeds, and deplorable conditions in this world. However, we have to do this as a unified caring community. McClendon says that the caring community has both an internal and external moral life. The internal life concerns Christian living on a personal level. As a caring community we are responsible for others in the world also. McClendon uses the Sermon on the Mount as the rules or guide for living in this community. Do the church today practice mercy, compassion, and love as expressed by Jesus in this sermon? When Christians embrace the attitudes of the Sermon on the Mount others cannot be ignored socially or politically. When Christians ignore politically then we subject ourselves and others to such unfavorable leaders as Hitler. If we are â€Å"Our brother’s keeper† then we must stand up to prevent such atrocities as the Holocaust. Although it has taken place we must practice forgiveness if we are really Disciples of Christ. When the Lord’s Prayer becomes more than merely words to be recited we recognize that forgiveness is integral to the life of the believer. We will not be forgiven if we cannot forgive our brothers and sisters. Healing can never take place if the injury is never forgiven. The Lord’s Supper provides not only an avenue for forgiveness but, it brings the community of Christ together creating a unified body. It is the central theme for the caring community. It causes the injuring party to recognize the act of harm and to seek forgiveness, along with the injured party the ability to extend forgiveness to those who caused the injury. The act of forgiveness helps the community to maintain itself. Without forgiveness the community will destroy itself. 2. Part I shows us how Christians embodies the ethics of Jesus the Christ or how we live the ethics of Jesus. Chapter one told us that we are a convictional community that lives by a set standard or conviction. As followers of Christ we have taken on his attitudes and follow in his convictions to bring others into the community of believers. We embrace the Bible as the authoritative Word of God therefore we follow the standards and instructions of it. We believe that we have the freedom to respond to God without fear or reservation and by following the previous standards we can expect a life transformed into service by Jesus Christ. Here we begin the connection with part two which says that a life transformed by service does not end with self but, it is a life transformed into service to others. We are the body of Christ a caring community that loves and forgives one another as Christ would have us do. 3. Does your church practice what McClendon describes in Part II? My church does practice a community of care because we are what are known as a connectional church. My church is part of a district, and this district is part of the Western North Carolina Conference. This conference is then part of the general church that makes up all of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Churches of the world. We care for others through mission and community work. We are politically active by history having included in our membership such persons as Sojourner Truth, Mary McLeod Bethune, and Fredrick Douglas. We reach across denominational lines as we are members of the World Federation of Churches. We are part of the AIDS Council that is fighting this deadly disease worldwide. However, have we done enough in being a caring community? I think we have much work to be done still. There continues to be underprivileged persons, those who are starving, those who are considered second class citizens, and as the Bible tells us â€Å"The harvest is plentiful but, the la borers are few†. 4. How would you go about getting an already established church to follow the procedure which McClendon recommends? The only way is to bring the body to follow the procedures in McClendon is by beginning to follow what is found in the scriptures. The Sermon on the Mount gives us the teachings of Jesus that we should follow as a caring community. If the members are the disciples of Jesus then we follow his teachings and the Way that is already paved for us, first and foremost we must love without it we can do nothing else. If the church is just a game without goals, rules, or means to reach the goal then the church has failed as a caring community. Outreach ministry will have to be established to fulfill the mission of Christ. The church will have to become politically active becoming a voice for those who have none and not turn a deaf ear on those issues that impact the community as well as the church. 5. Suppose you are part (as leader/pastor) of a group of Christians which is forming into a church. How would you go about beginning the discipline process which will be an integral part of that new church? First, I would like to know if we all shared the same theological thoughts because the church needs to be a cohesive entity. I would want to know if we all shared or hoped to share similar ethical and moral standards. Without this we would just be a group with no guidelines or rules to live by. I would hope that these standards will be those of Jesus. Next I would establish each member with a partner because I believe that we all need someone to keep us accountable, for support, encouragement, and for prayer. The class system works well in this area. Research Papers on Ethics and ReligionComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHip-Hop is ArtBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XDefinition of Export QuotasRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andGenetic Engineering

Architecture Essays - Modernist Architects, Organic Architecture

Architecture Essays - Modernist Architects, Organic Architecture Architecture One career that I have been interested in for a long time is architecture. Architects are involved in the negotiation, design, and the supervision of construction of a clients request. This may be from something as simple as a house add-on, to something as grande as a shopping mall. Architecture has interested me for many years. I have always enjoyed the great detail and thorough drawings that are involved. The past two years I have taken the COPS and the CAPS tests, and both of the results stated that architecture would be a good career choice for me. Throughout my high school and middle school years, I have always done very well in math. It is good that I learn all of the techniques now, because architects use difficult mathematical functions just as much as they use art and design. The use of angles, dimensions, and all fields of geometry are used daily to make sure that the structure they are designing comes out to scale, with all the right angles, and dimensions that the! client requested. An architect is not an easy career to succeed in. Although once an architect does succeed, it is very well worth it. Most architects work an average of 40 to 45 hour weeks (Career Information Center, vol 4, pg 115-117). However, if the job needs to get finished to meet the deadline, they may spend much more than 40 hours working during that time. An architectural firm is where most architects work, but some work in their own firm. The office is like most offices, and can be referred to as the "Daily Grime". Education and training to become an architect is not easy. Every architect in the United States is required to have a license. College is very important. Most universities offer architecture as a major. Most schools that offer this major, usually have a separate school for an architectural degree. This degree consists of a 5-year program that leads to a bachelor of architecture degree. Courses in this program consist of classes in engineering, architectural design, buildin! g construction, structural theory, professional administration, and graphic representation (C.I.C., vol 4, pg 155-117). After you graduate, and obtain your bachelor degree, you go on to work in an architectural firm, but not as an architect. Instead you would work as a junior drafter, making models, and lettering. Then when you are ready to move on, you would become a senior drafter. This is where you become responsible for details in preliminary drawings. This goes on for about three years. At the end of the term, you become eligible to take the state licensing exam. The exam is a very crucial test for your architectural career, and tests you on the theory and history of architecture, construction, engineering, design, and professional practice (C.I.C., vol 4, pg 115-117). As of now, I am taking an ROP construction class. In this class, we just finished building a permanent wrestling room. We are in fact the first high school construction team in the United States to build a ! permanent building. Now we are finishing up another building, except this one is a portable class room. This course has given me great experience in construction, reading plans, following plans, and obeying all of the building codes. My geometry and trigonometry courses will help, and my eye for drawing will be a big factor also. All these things that have been completed in high school will help me on my way to become an architect. Salary is also important, especially if you are trying to raise a family. On average, an architect's salary is around $40,000 to $60,000 a year. If you become a senior architect, you can make a salary as high as $80,000 or $90,000. Those few that start their own successful firm, or becomes a partner in a large firm by working themselves up, can make a salary in excess of $120,000. Depending on your skill as an architect, you could make a very comfortable life for yourself. Architects have many advancement opportunities, although to take advantage of any, you must be licensed. If you are looking for advancement, your best place to look would be in an architectural firm.

How to effectively communicate with your boss

How to effectively communicate with your boss Anyone who’s ever been employed and has had to answer to a boss- whether you have one destined for the great boss hall of fame or one who’s the devil incarnate- has come to learn that the key to having an effective working relationship is communication. Developing and maintaining an appropriate flow of thoughts, ideas, and work updates with the person you report to on a daily basis does the following:It empowers you to perform the varied tasks and responsibilities associated with your job while minimizing confusion or miscommunication.It helps you stay connected to the flow of essential information across teams and departments.It allows you to build a relationship of mutual respect and trust with your superiors and colleagues- all allowing you to do your best at work every day.Ideally, this communication flow goes two ways- and your boss will be just as eager to maintain a helpful sharing of information with you as you are with them, all of which serves to benefit your team’s productivity and effectiveness. However, we don’t always get to live in the perfect world of our dreams, and most of us don’t get to control every aspect of our work lives.Although some of us are lucky enough to work with great bosses who are naturally gifted communicators, some of us aren’t so lucky and must work harder to ensure that key information gets communicated effectively. The flip-side of the coin is also true- some of us are great communicators with minimal effort while others among us have to work harder at it.If you’re in a position where you need to figure out how to communicate effectively with your boss- whether the issue lies with you, your boss, or somewhere in the middle- there are ways to improve the situation. Like learning any new skill, effective communication requires extensive practice and effort until you get good at it.Use the following strategies to enhance communication with your boss.Cut to the chaseIn todayâ₠¬â„¢s insanely hectic work world, most of us are doing multiple jobs and juggling a small universe of responsibilities at any given time. With limited hours in the day to get things done, your work time is extremely valuable- and so is your boss’s. Therefore, it’s essential that you make the most of the limited time you have to communicate with your boss. Avoid meandering stories, long speeches, and lengthy preambles when talking to your boss- if you get a rep for being too unnecessarily verbose or too much of a time drain, they may start trying to avoid you at all costs and your relationship might suffer. Whenever possible, just cut to the chase with the precise information you need to share, which hopefully will inspire your boss to do the same. Then, your lives can move on with minimal disruption.Also, be sure to strategically choose your moments for communication. Is your boss about to go into an important meeting or is heading out for the day? Perhaps those arenâ €™t the best times to drop an important work bombshell. Choose wisely.Look aheadWhen communicating with your boss, try to anticipate their reaction to the information you’re about to share. Do you foresee specific questions? If so, then try to have answers prepared for them. Can you envision them asking for additional data or stats to back up something you’re going to share? Have it at the ready. Not only will you save time and effort every time you speak with your boss, you’ll also come across as more prepared and effective every time you interact with them- a real win-win for you.Choose your communication approachOf course, the substance of your communication matters a great deal, but what also matters is how you deliver the message. Make sure your body language and tone are appropriate and professional. It might be helpful if you took a second to make sure you look polished and put together when interacting with your boss. Figure out how and when your bos s likes to communicate with others, and do your best to adapt to their preferred style and approach- it will benefit your relationship in the long run.Don’t waitIf you have important information to share with your boss- even if it’s not great news- don’t wait. If you put off providing them with actionable information until it’s too late to act, then your news will never be well received, whether it’s good or bad. In almost every conceivable scenario, it’s to your advantage to communicate as quickly as possible, allowing everyone involved to understand and digest the information, formulate an appropriate reaction, and respond accordingly. If it is bad news, your early warning just might allow for sufficient planning to minimize the damage.Above all, remain professional, polite, direct, and clear- all traits that will move your communication in the right direction during your time at your current place of work.

Introduction to HRM in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Introduction to HRM in Canada - Essay Example Human resource management is a science that involves the all-inclusive approach that is relevant to the setting up of an adequate and advantageous workplace culture and environment. This paper seeks to analyze the human resource management practice in Canada in a comprehensive context. It particularly places intense focus on Canada’s public service sector as a case study. Human resource Management The general practice of human resource management is usually defined in two broad approaches. From one approach, it can refer to the procedure of supervising individuals in an elaborate and prearranged method (Ronald, 2007:69). These courses of actions include staffing procedures, the effective keeping of employees, the determining of various remuneration processes, and the handling of exits and new entries regarding workers in a venture (Ronald, 2007:89). Another approach to the human resource practice defines it as the act of linking employees to the top management in a company (Ro bert, 2011:83). This approach puts intense focus to the traditional purposes and expected results of the human resource sector in any company. This approach gives the department the responsibility of monitoring all issues that are relevant with the workers in a venture. ... t enjoys a strategic position that greatly influences the resultant perception and behavior of its target market, customers, and the overall business turnover. The business’ human resource arm exerts much focus on the successful selecting, training, and adequately rewarding of top-tier talent. It also supports transparent dialogue, group work, and cooperation. In addition, the department takes steps to discourage bad performances, or any actions from the employees that can potentially derail the company’s long-term objectives in the process of realizing short-term benefits (Ronald, 2007:157). Human resource management methods in Canada’s public service sector The successful administration of human resource departments in all companies and sectors is crucial to the effectiveness of the Public Service of Canada. In addition, it is also vital for the overall qualities of services given by the Canadian administration. The office that houses the Chief Human Resources Officer (O.C.H.R.O.) is the headquarters of proficiency for human resources administration in Canada’s public service. It is accountable for formulating the wide range of strategy directions and ethics that effectively guide all administrations in all institutions on how to enact their principal responsibility that is the efficient monitoring of workers in their ventures or organizations. The office carries out its principal mandate through three main avenues (Hessing, 2005:79). 1. Monitoring and coverage on People supervision This happens through the use of the Management Accountability structure and the Public Service Employee survey. The Management Accountability structure The office monitors and reports on employee management through its Management Accountability structure (M.A.F.), and its public

Global cooperation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global cooperation - Essay Example Issues like the ravaging HIV/AIDS that has seen so many persons wiped out from the face of the earth is only possible to tackle with the window of international cooperation. Economic issues like the 2007 global depression would only be tackled when there exists some cooperation amongst the nations of the world. It is in such scenarios that technocrats from all over the world meet and deliberate on how to save the world economy while taking care of individual states interest. (Frieden 2012) Sporting actions like the Olympics and the FIFA Football World Cup can only take place when there is global cooperation and the benefits of such events have all been there for all to see hence it cannot be disputed in any way. Finally it is only through global cooperation that peace could be maintained amongst the nations of the world. The occurrence of the world wars was partly due to a lack of a clear roadmap to achieve this objective of international

Hardware Infrastructure in Any Big Business or Federal Organization Research Paper

Hardware Infrastructure in Any Big Business or Federal Organization - Research Paper Example Project Objective: The project’s objective involves the identification of several needs and difficulties encountered during the process of managing information and Technology infrastructure basing on several factors. This involves the scope of the project together with the assigned deliverables. Factors to consider include technology comparison, financial budgeting, inventory assessment, and associated costs. Deliverables: 1. Determine efficiency of an organization’s resources 2. Determination of the reliability of an organization’s current assists 3. Determine the cost of infrastructure upgrade Milestones: The completion of the project has to take place before 2016. According to Chambers (2015), the instantaneous events associated with the IT project include; 1. Permits Approved- 20th October 2015 2. Assets inventory Taking – 20th October 2015 3. Determination of costs involved in supporting and maintaining hardware – 20th November 2015 4. Evaluation of probably available technology – 30th November 2015 5. Making of the financial budget – 5th December 2015 6. Final Inspection – 30th December 2015 Technical Requirements: The project considers many technical issues so as t successfully attain the desired objectives. The technical aspects touch on the availability, reliability, and the performance of the project (Ambler, 2004). 1. Determine the challenges of changing old/Obsolete Information Technology hardware infrastructure 2. Renew the IT infrastructure with an organizations budget

Basis of Grammatical Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Basis of Grammatical Evidence - Essay Example From the two perspectives, there is a contrast basing on the issue of spying, which is a form of investigation patterns, which incurred and propelled by various participants in both texts. Text 1 adopted from the Arabs news Germany summons U.S. envoy over Merkel phone spy suspicion and Text 2 adopted from the New York news Anger Growing among Allies on U.S. Spying Table1: The clause structure types: Transitive Intransitive Active Passive Long Short Text: 1 1.8kol,5 8 18 1 5 Text: 2 14 9 16 3 8 From the table 1 it gives a clear indication that in both texts transitive clauses have been used more that intransitive clauses. In addition, there is an active voice more than passive voice. We define a transitive clause as one that involves the actor and the goal initiated. In consideration of intransitive, either it is termed as the absence of the actor or goal initiated from the clause availed in the texts. The author has used a total of 14 transitive clauses and 9 intransitive clauses to bring about the essence of tasks required. Table2: Process types analysis of text 1 and 2. Text 1 Text 2 Material 48% 65% Mental 19% 15.9% Verbal 29% 2.5% Relational 2% 20% Interpretation: text usually represents a grammatical norm and both processes and participants are present. Grammatical representations play a vital role since it is one of the best indicators in which texts think or the way of seeing operations present in texts. More so, process analysis is a provision of pictures, which depicts more information about the text, and the prevailed hidden messages termed as ideologies of the scholar. From the table above, we realize that material processes, as well as texts, usually occurs frequently as compared to other processes availed. Text 1 is from the Arabs news. It states out a high frequency of material processes, indicating 48 % of the physical workings involving suspicion summon that was initiated on the Chancellor Angela Merkel’s phone call line during his offici al duty in Berlin. Physical norm is evident here in consideration of the following activities that were availed during the process. â€Å"The American ambassador was summoned for talks with Foreign Minister Westerwelle this afternoon.† AFP quoted this from a foreign ministry spokesperson. Moreover, this text represents 29% of verbal processes, showing that the text is news text. Going by scholarly research, we find that the author behind this news wants to consolidate his texts with humor and a sense of real talk evident as per the availed text line from the article. This text line is â€Å"The position of the German government will be presented clearly. The move comes a day after Merkel named President Barack Obama on Wednesday demanding answers after learning that U.S. spies may have monitored her phone. A statement by the chancellor’s spokesperson, Steffen Seibert, says Merkel warned Obama warned this would constitute a â€Å"breach of trust† between the all ies.† Similarly, a mental process is evident in this article with an approximate percentile of 19%. This shows that the author believes and have a strong desire and feelings towards the issue of suspicion as far as the aspect of phone monetization is of concern. â€Å"Among close friends and partners, as the Federal Republic of Germany and the U.S. have been for decades, there should be no such monitoring of the communications of a head of government,† the statement said, according to AFP.†Ã‚     

Effects of Socioeconomic Influences on Health Assignment

Effects of Socioeconomic Influences on Health - Assignment Example Unemployed people do not have reliable sources of income. Therefore, the individual is not able to cater for his or her basic needs adequately. Healthcare is a basic need for all humanity but requires a certain level of monetary input. Rising levels of unemployment limit people’s access to medical services because they lack funds that would cover their medical expenses. As a result, sick people may not get the medical care they need due to the lack of a source of income. People have different lifestyles, norms, and practices that define them. Some of these lifestyle aspects have severe effects on health. For instance, drug abusers including smokers and alcoholics are at the risk of contracting fatal diseases. Liver cirrhosis is a killer disorder that results from excessive consumption of alcohol. Lung cancer results from excessive smoking. These are diseases that have fatal consequences especially when treatment is not sought early enough. People’s diets also determine their health status. Obesity is common among individuals who eat large quantities of unhealthy food, for example, excessive fatty food consumption. The environment is a crucial determinant of the health status of the societies we live in. Certain environmental settings are characterized by unhealthy factors like pollution. Polluted environments herb various health infections. Respiratory disorders that result from air pollution are common in areas that contain industries that emit harmful gaseous elements into the atmosphere. To avoid health problems, residential premises should be moved away from polluted areas and industries should limit the emission of pollutants into the environment. Healthcare facilities are vital for the provision of medical services. A society that has adequate access to healthcare services is guaranteed an efficient solution to health problems. However, individuals with limited access to healthcare facilities for  example due to scarcity, find it difficult to counter health problems.  

Basis of Grammatical Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Basis of Grammatical Evidence - Essay Example From the two perspectives, there is a contrast basing on the issue of spying, which is a form of investigation patterns, which incurred and propelled by various participants in both texts. Text 1 adopted from the Arabs news Germany summons U.S. envoy over Merkel phone spy suspicion and Text 2 adopted from the New York news Anger Growing among Allies on U.S. Spying Table1: The clause structure types: Transitive Intransitive Active Passive Long Short Text: 1 1.8kol,5 8 18 1 5 Text: 2 14 9 16 3 8 From the table 1 it gives a clear indication that in both texts transitive clauses have been used more that intransitive clauses. In addition, there is an active voice more than passive voice. We define a transitive clause as one that involves the actor and the goal initiated. In consideration of intransitive, either it is termed as the absence of the actor or goal initiated from the clause availed in the texts. The author has used a total of 14 transitive clauses and 9 intransitive clauses to bring about the essence of tasks required. Table2: Process types analysis of text 1 and 2. Text 1 Text 2 Material 48% 65% Mental 19% 15.9% Verbal 29% 2.5% Relational 2% 20% Interpretation: text usually represents a grammatical norm and both processes and participants are present. Grammatical representations play a vital role since it is one of the best indicators in which texts think or the way of seeing operations present in texts. More so, process analysis is a provision of pictures, which depicts more information about the text, and the prevailed hidden messages termed as ideologies of the scholar. From the table above, we realize that material processes, as well as texts, usually occurs frequently as compared to other processes availed. Text 1 is from the Arabs news. It states out a high frequency of material processes, indicating 48 % of the physical workings involving suspicion summon that was initiated on the Chancellor Angela Merkel’s phone call line during his offici al duty in Berlin. Physical norm is evident here in consideration of the following activities that were availed during the process. â€Å"The American ambassador was summoned for talks with Foreign Minister Westerwelle this afternoon.† AFP quoted this from a foreign ministry spokesperson. Moreover, this text represents 29% of verbal processes, showing that the text is news text. Going by scholarly research, we find that the author behind this news wants to consolidate his texts with humor and a sense of real talk evident as per the availed text line from the article. This text line is â€Å"The position of the German government will be presented clearly. The move comes a day after Merkel named President Barack Obama on Wednesday demanding answers after learning that U.S. spies may have monitored her phone. A statement by the chancellor’s spokesperson, Steffen Seibert, says Merkel warned Obama warned this would constitute a â€Å"breach of trust† between the all ies.† Similarly, a mental process is evident in this article with an approximate percentile of 19%. This shows that the author believes and have a strong desire and feelings towards the issue of suspicion as far as the aspect of phone monetization is of concern. â€Å"Among close friends and partners, as the Federal Republic of Germany and the U.S. have been for decades, there should be no such monitoring of the communications of a head of government,† the statement said, according to AFP.†Ã‚     

Gideon v. Wainwright Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gideon v. Wainwright - Assignment Example This holding was informed by the rationale that it is common sense that lawyers form an integral part in the due process as they ensure that defendants get fair trial, which is not only criminal justice system’s objective but also constitutional requirement. The holding was also informed by the following precedents: Powell v Alabama; Smith v O’Grady, and Grosjean v American Press Co (Perry 46). The 14th Amendment imposes the obligation upon the States to appoint counsel for poor defendants. Since the defendants constitutional rights should be upheld at all times, defendants should have the right to have assistance of counsel for their defense. The 14th Amendment is very categorical that no State shall enforce any law which shall violate the immunities of the United States’ citizens; nor deny any person within their specific jurisdiction the equal protection as required by the law (Perry 11). Therefore, Gideon should have been entitled to defense counsel in the trial

The social and historical influence Essay Example for Free

The social and historical influence Essay Look at the significance of chapter 5 to the novel as a way to focus on the relevance and effect of the writers use of language to describe setting and characters and what it shows about the social and historical influence? This novel is about an extremely intelligent doctor called Victor Frankenstein who used his knowledge of science to find a way of keeping people alive. Mary Shelleys plot must have been influenced by the changes that were happening around her in Britain during the early stages of the industrial revolution. Scientists at this time were investigating the meaning of life. They were using corpses in experiments. She appears to have a great understanding of the scientific discoveries of that time. Behind the writing is a deeper meaning. Mary Shelley is trying to show us how an addiction to anything is not natural and very often dangerous to our well-being and to our social and mental health. Chapter 5 is a crucial moment because this is when the monster is brought to life. Mary Shelleys opening sentence of chapter 5 is Dr Frankenstein telling us It was a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishment of my toils. He goes on to say It was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes. The dismal setting contrasts with Dr Frankensteins expectation and anxiety he is feeling just moments before his creation is brought to life. This setting and events causes us to be alarmed and scared because we start imagining what it would be like to be in his position. He then tells us The monsters dull yellow eye opens and it begins to breathe. We would think that he is pleased that he has succeeded in what he set out to do but he straight away is horrified at his creation and what it has turned out to look like. He expresses his negative feelings many times, such as breathless horror and disgust filled my heart and the demonical corpse to which I had so miserably given life. This shows us that the social influence of looks was as great then as it still is in 2009. Dr Frankenstein is distraught about how his creation looks rather than thinking about the feat he has just achieved, I find it puzzling that he is shocked by its image only after the creature has been brought to life, even though he could have seen what it would look like when it was on the operating table. I believe that this shows Dr Frankenstein was so caught up by the science involved with making this being that he was blind to the obvious This is backed by him saying I had selected his features as beautiful this shows us he genuinely thought it was beautiful when it was being made. This chapter shows us that social influences are similar to that we experience today. Through out the novel Mary Shelly uses language to change the atmosphere. This is most present in chapter 5 in which the monster is born and Dr Frankensteins mood changes from a rather exited one to one of bitter disappointment and then again to cowardice before becoming rather animated at the arrival of Clerval. There is much emphasis on description. Dr Frankenstein describes in great detail the evening, the monster and his changing feelings towards his project. His language is often overdramatic and emotional. At length lassitude succeeded to tumult I had before endured, and I threw myself on the bed in my clothes, endeavouring to seek a few moments of forgetfulness, here he is using descriptive words that would not commonly be used today, this reminds us that this novel was written in the 1800s. Shelley writing style is very catching. I believe this is because she isnt writing as a watcher but as a character. This gives us the best view because we know the characters feeling as well as knowing what they dont, this can leave the reader frustrated, worried, scared, and hopeful such as at the end of chapter five when Clerval arrives and Victor has his nervous breakdown. This is evident when victor imagines what could happen. Clerval asks My dear Victor, what, for Gods sake, is the matter? Do not laugh in that manner. How ill are you! What is the cause to all this? To which Victor replies Do not ask me, He can tell. Oh save me! Save me! All this while Frankenstein had been fighting an invisible monster, had Clerval known like us about the monster many people could have been saved. In conclusion I think Mary Shelley produced a novel that was frighteningly believable. I believe that this book shows us that social influence is massive and Shelley believed that one-day man would hold the meaning to life not God. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Public Health Case Study

Public Health Case Study Fundamantals of public Health: Science and Practice Assessment This assignment will consider a given case study involving a lady named Melissa, she is a 45 year old Afro-Caribbean lady who had a University education. She now has a good job managing a regional chain of high street clothing stores. She has been engaged to her boyfriend for 12 months. She smokes heavily and spends several evenings each week and every weekend in various bars and clubs, where she drinks excessively and takes recreational drugs with her friends. Her partner disapproves of her behaviour and considers her friends to be a bad influence. She was recently taken to AE after collapsing in a nightclub. Her parents and her partner are concerned about her long term health. Due to these circumstances Melissa will be assessed on her needs as an individual, given advice on how to take care of her health and where she can access this guidance. Public health has been the concern of the government since Victorian times, and became the priority of the NHS (National Health Service) in 1974. However the UK (United Kingdom) Government has begun to return the responsibility of health improvement to local governments. They believe that local governments have the ability to focus on local populations and shape the services to meet the local populations needs (Department of Health 2011). Public health can be defined in a variety of ways depending on the individuals opinion and beliefs. However, it is common knowledge that public health is the prevention of disease, long term illness and a priority of prolonging life among the whole population. This process is encouraged and achieved through health promotion.The WHO (World Health organisation) definition of health promotion is â€Å"the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions† (WHO, 2012). All nursing staff currently on the NMC (Nursing and Midwifery Council) register are involved in public health and have specific roles in promoting public health activities. One of the primary focuses with upstream nursing is to reduce health inequalities and social determins. However, for this to take effect it is required that all nursing practitioners fully understand the fundamentals of public health and health promotion. The upstream nursing framework, Living Well; Working well and Aging well was put in place to assist in the active promotion of health and well being (Nursing, 2012). Melissa will be educated about the services available to her and this assignment will demonstrate the understandings of key public health principles such as her age, ethnicity, religious beliefs her education and where she resides. Explaining why this may have an effect on her in society. The assignment will discuss the relevant sociological theories surrounding inequalities within populations and communities. It will focus on Melissas current lifestyle and the possible consequences this will have on her health. Finally the assignment will clarify on the recent policy incentives available to Melissa and her family, which will offer the support they need. To conclude a summary of findings will be discussed. Before the nursing practitioner can begin to educate Melissa about the services available to her, providing the person centered care she deserves. The nurses themselves must be aware of the basic key concepts within society, including the priorities and the correct practice. The relationship between health and society must be fundamental. Social circumstances have an impact on health inequalities through a variety of means, such as age, ethnicity, education, environment, income and available support. Inequalities are simply differences in peoples circumstances which therefore has an impact on their health (Wills, 2005). The main social determinant that has the biggest impact on health of Melissa is her race, ethnicity, cultural background and her beliefs. The link between ethnicity and social class also has a significant impact on someones health and life expectancy. For this reason sociologists study society, helping people to understand and respond appropriately to society and cult ure around us. Stratification is one of the sociological concepts by sociologist Max Webber. He discusses how various groups of people place within society, whether it be within a population or a community. This is often stratified by means of income, social class, gender, ethnicity, religion and political status. In Melissas case there are two key areas to discuss, firstly her form of biological characteristics, such as her skin colour and secondly her ethnic background. Melissa is of Afro – Caribbean origin, therefore her biological characteristics will differ from those of white British ethnicity. Her skin colour will be the more prominent difference along with her hair type, eye colour and structural build. Her ethnic background differences will likely be her spoken native language, preferred fashion, beliefs and her religion. These forms of differences would often lead to racialism (Jennie Naidoo, 2005). Racism a combination of discrimination and prejudice based upon Melissas difference s. These differences become ranked inferior or superior to each other, often resulting in a belief that because someone is of differences they should be treated differently. It is this unfair treatment that consequently induces inequalities towards Melissa. Therefore causing inequalities towards Melissas health (Pratt, 2006). The white paper Tackilng health inequalities for minority ethnic groups shows that in 2007 Non manual workers like Melissa reports 21 out of 100 white British people being in poor health compared to the 25 Caribbean nationals. Providing the evidence base that Melissa`s ethnic differences will have a downward effect on her overall health compared to the UK white British population (Randhawa, 2007). The possible determines of health for such inequalities can be influenced by housing, income, environment, education and the services available within her community. Also the white paper, Fair Society Healthy Lives has statistical evidence to support that life expectancy between both men and women has a seven year difference between different social classes of society (Marmott, 2010). Inequalities of wealth and health are not only an issue within the UK, they are global. For example, America, the UK and most European countries are among the wealthy, having a wealth, capital of over $50000 e ach, in comparison to Africa and Asian countries with Capital of just $2000 and under. These statistics show that the concentration of global wealth inequalities is high. Such inequalities are responsible for poor health services and education within these lower wealth countries, due to the simple fact that they cannot afford the resources (Mindfully.org, 2006). However, in Melissas case, social stratification which refers to the social class of people who share the same level of wealth. Would insist that Melissa has minimal strain from income inequalities in the UK. The Gilbert – Kahl model which focuses on income consists of six categories; The underclass, the working poor class, the working class, the middle class, the upper middle class and the capitalist class. The class structure of Gilberts model bases its assumptions of the economic society. In this model it would appear that Melissa having a managerial role within a chain of high street clothing stores, is part of the upper middle class society. Due to her university education and well paid employment, Gilberts model would suggest that Melissa deserves what she has achieved and is entitled to her share of life and her chosen lifestyle (Sill, 2014). The feminists would agree with Gilberts assumption of Melissa deserving what she has achieved regardless of her gender. Dame Millicent Garrett Fawcett was one of the early 19th century feminists, she campaigned for the right of womens votes. She then became an activist on improving womens educational opportunities (Howorth, 2004). Since then feminism activists have gone on to make changes for women within society and politics. Modern feminism has four main focuses; the differences of gender, inequalities of gender, gender oppression and structural oppression. The theory of feminism is focused on giving women a voice and making awareness of womens contributions to society (Humm, 2014). Due to this women are now entitled to vote, seek employment without gender discrimination, reduced isolation of women from the household and reduced the differences in pay. Feminism has seen sections of legal legislation put in place for instance, The Equal pay Act 1970, The Sexual Discrimination Act 19 75 and the Equality Act 2006 plus many more, which all provide legal frameworks to protect women. Therefore, reducing the overall level of inequalities between women and men (Gov.uk, 2006). However, it was the historical work of Karl Marx and his Marxism theory that originally catoregised people in relation to economic production in society. Marx called this Capitalism, he implied that people who owned the production were the capitalists and the people that provided the labor were the proletariat (workers). This theory went on to create hostility between the two social classes. The proletariats were withheld from the products that they created and the development of its production, which left them feelings of alienation. This created feelings of less self worth and the social relationship between the capitalists and the proletariats became prominent in relation to power (Blaxter, 2004). However the feminists saw that it was these economic inequalities of power within a population, that began the understanding in regards to inequalities between social classes and gender. Insisting that the ability to overcome capitalism, would result in the reconstruction of the gender i mbalance (Yuill, 2003). It is clear to see from Melissas employment status and life style that social economy has evolved from Marx`s theory and the inequalities between men, women, owners and workers has drastically reduced. However, inequalities are still the forefront subject within upstream nursing and new frameworks such as the National Service framework for equality and diversity. Insists that the NHS (National Health Service) will respond to different needs of different populations fairly. Assisting in the understanding of individual needs during public health support (NHS, 2014). Today, women in the UK are expected to live until they are 82, but numerous people are dying young. Melissa is a heavy smoker and drinks excessive amounts of alcohol on a regular basis, she is also know to indulge on recreational drugs. In 2007 1 in 6 people died before the age of 65 due to diseases such as cancer, respiratory diseases and circulatory diseases, most of which are avoidable. Most longstanding illnesses are due to individual lifestyle choices and the stability of mental health (Government, 2010). Health and wellbeing are influenced by a variety of factors, for example, social environment, mental health and culture and these factors continually change across ones lifespan. The No Health Without Mental Health Framework delves into mental health outcomes in relation to health and well being. It assesses life satisfaction, self worth and stress in relation to the lifestyle choices of individuals. The fact that Melissas chooses to smoke has already put her in danger of premature health complications. Cigarette smoking accounts for approximately 100,000 UK deaths, it reduces the quality of health and causes premature death. Approximately 365 of respiratory deaths are caused by smoking. Short term health conditions linked to smoking are infections of the respiratory tract and the possible onset of asthma. However, Melissa is also at the risk of developing much worse conditions such as a variety of cancers, emphysema, pneumonia and chronic bronchitis. The cost of smoking related illnesses is approximately  £2.7 billion to  £5.2 billion within each year on the NHS (ash, 2014). Melissa also chooses to regularly drink alcohol and use recreational drugs. Statistics show that regular alcohol drinkers among the UK population amounts to 58% and in 2012 1,008,850 hospital admissions were related to alcohol. It is also estimated that the misuse of alcohol costs the NHS in excess of  £ 3.5 billion per year (Gov.uk, 2012). The miss use of drugs among adults in the UK also equates to 2.7 million UK residents, with cannabis being the most commonly used drug and ecstasy coming in second. This misuse leads to 6,549 hospital admissions in 2013 along with 1,496 drug related deaths (Lifestyles Statistics, 2013). The main long term issues related to alcohol and drug use is an addiction, and health implications of the cardiovascular system. From these statistics is can be seen that Melissa has a very risky lifestyle and she has increased her chances of developing long and short term illnesses prematurely in relation to this. Once Melissa has had her assessment of health needs the framework model for up stream nursing; protect, promote and prevent will be practiced. Local level health promotion strategies within Melissa`s region will be identified, such as local stop smoking support. The DH (Department of Health) published the paper Smoking Kills in 1998 and recently released the document Tobacco Control. These papers have made measures to reduce smoking in public areas, restricted advertising and have supported the rise of tobacco costs (Cartwright, 2008). The Mental Health Foundation, focus on mental health awareness and inequalities as well as linking mental health policies, research and evidence to produce publications covering a wide range of mental health issues (Foundation, 2014). The Drink Aware campaign provides the public with information in regards to alcohol consumption. They promote responsible use of alcohol and the health issues related (Drinkaware, 2014), National Drug Prevention Alliance, provide education on addiction and how it takes control of your life. They provide support for family and friends too (Dependence, 2014). Finally the Womens Health Concern campaign provides information and education to women in regards to their health and wellbeing, including advice on lifestyle concerns (Concern, 2014). Many of these public health promoting campaigns are a charity funded but are supported by the government. The government has taken responsibility for public health promotion, however the government cannot achieve this alone. Individuals have to take action in regards to improving their own and their familys health. A new radical approach towards health and wellbeing is being pursued. At root level local authorities will be taking responsibility within society, dealing with the determines of health and support the public in making healthier selections (Nursing, 2011). The Directors of Public Health are the main advisors to the local authorities in relation to health. They are members of the health and well being board, but it is the department of Public Health England which offers the overall support to both sections. The new approach has its strategies sent out from the Secretary of Health. Who is responsible for allocating budgets to the local authorities and NHS. The Public Health England framework supports this approach. Believing, giving the responsibility back to local authorities w ill result in them being able to support their community with the services which that particular area needs (Health, 2013). Upon discharge from hospital Melissa will be advised on The primary care choices available to her such as GP (General Practitioner) practices and high street optometrists. The role of the nurse is influential in this case and the white paper Nusres as partners in delivering public health points out the contributions made by nurses has a major impact on behavior changes within the health promotion environment. It illustrates the success of upstream nursing with case study examples, providing evidence that health promotion at local levels working in partnership with other local services has a detrimental impact on reducing health inequalities (Nursing, 2009). In conclusion to this case study health and health promotion bases itself on cultural and social understanding of illness. The promotion of health is to enable the public to hold control over their own health by means of encouragement from intersectorial means. It is the influence of ones social and economic status, which can determine peoples lifestyle choices and risks. The statistics show that one bad lifestyle choice can reduce quality of life and cost health care services billions to provide treatment. Therefore, without the intervention of the government and the nursing professional background knowledge and support. The general public, perhaps, would lack the reduction in health inequalities and the stabilisation of the NHS. Amanda Jane Kaye

Classification Essay - PTA Personalities -- Classification Essays

PTA Personalities Many public institutions rely on the generosity and help of volunteers in order to run smoothly. One of the more important institutions is the school, and one of the most visible volunteers in the school is the PTA volunteer. These volunteers fulfill a necessary role, especially for the elementary schools, by augmenting the work of the principal and teachers with extras that the school ordinarily would not have. The people who do the volunteer work are varied, but the PTA seems to act as a magnet for three types of personalities: the power seeker, the eager beaver, and the dependable worker. Dominating Dora, the "power seeker," usually starts off as a committee chairman and almost always ends up as the PTA president. She feels she must run the PTA her way because only she knows the best way to do it. She calls board meetings often and is incensed and hurt if someone misses the meeting. All jobs must be done her way, and she frequently organizes half of the job before it is delegated. She then checks up to see if it is being done precisely as she organized it. On the other hand, she may not delegate anything at all, preferring to do most of the work herself. Not delegating the work ensures that it will be done properly, namely her way. Dominating Dora usually follows an unacknowledged personal agenda to gain status, prestige, influence, and authority; she often has no idea that she is following a personal agenda. The school personnel are wary of her since she is very bossy in her dealings with everyone. She even goes so far as to tell the principal and teacher s how to go about their own jobs. Dominating Dora also promotes programs within the PTA that the principal often ... ...ant to what she is doing. The "dependable worker" like Normal Nancy does not burn out because she paces herself, works steadily, and fills in the gaps where needed. Doras and Ritas may come and go, but Nancys "keep going and going and going." The interesting thing about the "power seeker," the "eager beaver," and the "dependable worker" is that they are all necessary to run the PTA organization. Their quirks are what make them important in getting the activities planned, the prizes made, the playground equipment ordered, and the book fair organized. Another noteworthy fact is that, when necessary, any PTA volunteer can become any one of these three types of people. The fact that a "power seeker," an "eager beaver," and a "dependable worker" can fit together like a puzzle to form a bigger picture is the miracle of the PTA volunteer organization.

Working class and racial discrimination

Each period of U. S. history presents an opportunity to think about the history of working class and racial discrimination. Having yet to develop thorough, critical, and radical interpretations of the civil rights struggle, historians have tended to share a sympathetic attitude toward the quest for civil rights. They also lack the advantage recently gained by diplomatic historians with the end of the cold war, and they cannot, and do not want to, declare the straggle to be â€Å"over† because racial discord has not ended and racial justice has not been achieved.Historians will, therefore, continue to write about an ongoing movement for equal rights in which their advocacy and support seem to them important to the movement's success. Surveys of the literature by Upton Sinclair and Anne Moody have already made important contributions in identifying persistent problems. For these writers, direct personal participation preceded writing about the movements. Unlike Sinclair’s The Jungle, Moody’s Coming of Age in Mississippi is compelling autobiographical narratives in the African American literary tradition.In a voice that is as subtle as it is insistent, as unpretentious as it is uncompromising, Moody maps her coming of age in Mississippi during the repressive 1940s and 1950s and the turbulent early years of the 1960s. Yet Moody’s narrative is more than a poignant personal testimony; it is an immensely valuable cultural document that offers an insightful view of life in Mississippi during the middle decades of the twentieth century and the carefully orchestrated resistance to that way of life that the civil rights movement initiated during the 1960s.The beautiful descriptions of Moody’s Coming of Age in Mississippi are all very good. They served a purpose and served it well. Coming of Age in Mississippi was a great book. It is lively and warm. It is written with pain and blood and groans and tears. It says not what man should be, b ut what man is forced to be in our world. It presents not what our country should be, but it describes what our country really is, the residence of pressure and unfairness, a nightmare of suffering, an inferno hell, a jungle of wild brutes.But I consider that The Jungle, which has beautiful theories, is even a greater book. It was the novel, which was responsible for the passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act. In 1906, Sinclair's The Jungle catapulted him into almost-immediate fame. The Jungle became a best-seller in many languages and actually made Sinclair's name known all over the world. The New York Evening World announced: â€Å"Not since Byron awoke one morning to find himself famous has there been such an example of world-wide fame won in a day by a book as has come to Upton Sinclair† (Foner 89).The Jungle produced big public excitement. I think that Upton Sinclair was emotionally involved in the creating of The Jungle. Though Upton Sinclair's The Jungle concentrates mo re on working-class struggle than mobility, it does as well good job in getting readers to think about socialism, immigration, capitalism, and future reform. Written in Chicago's immigrant neighborhood under the name the Back of the Yards, The Jungle beckons readers to look for history of this neighborhood.Descriptions of the neighborhood encourage readers to think about places where the author was writing and to understand historical events. The labor struggle in the book is based on the ineffective stockyard strike by workers of the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen in Chicago in 1904. Sinclair, who was there as a journalist for the Socialist weekly Appeal to Reason, stood among a growing number of pro-labor social workers. Unlike Moody, however, Sinclair evidently had much less sympathy for the struggles of African Americans, as his racialist description of the strikebreakers makes clear.In fact, Sinclair described a group of the strikebreakers as â€Å"a throng of st upid black Negroes, and foreigners who could not understand a word that was said to them† (260). Sinclair describes the strikebreakers – especially the African Americans – as idle, unqualified, and threatening. He had the most tractable pupils, however. â€Å"See hyar, boss,† a big black â€Å"buck† would begin, â€Å"ef you doan’ like de way Ah does dis job, you kin get somebody else to do it. † Then a crowd would gather and listen, muttering threats. After the first meal nearly all the steel knives had been missing,and now every Negro had one, ground to a fine point, hidden in his boot (261). Sinclair's recurring mention of African American men as  «bucks » deserves attention. Studying the stereotypes of African Americans, Donald Bogle observes the character of the black buck or black brute in D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation. Bogle depicts the African Americans as â€Å"subhuman †¦ nameless characters setting out on a rampage of black rage. Bucks are always big, baaadd [sic] niggers, over sexed and savage, violent and frenzied as they lust for white flesh† (Foner 41). Sinclair presents a similar stereotype.He dramatizes the accusation by union officials in Chicago where African American strikebreakers brought amoral conditions to the plants because they were more lecherous than white workers. The lack of remonstrance to racist passages gives additional proof of white supremacy during this time, which claimed â€Å"that the Negro belonged to an inferior race and warned their comrades against violating the Caucasian purity of their association†. Unlike Sinclair, Moody presents the South through the eyes of Negro in the battle against Mississippi’s deep-rooted racist institutions and practices that remained largely unchallenged until the 1960s.While Sinclair again minimizes the cruelty against African American workers by simply saying that the â€Å"scab† who made the mi stake of going into Packingtown â€Å"fared badly† (263) Moody emphasizes the harsh realities of life in the Deep South in the mid-twentieth century—in Arkansas and Mississippi, respectively. As the critic Roger Rosenblatt has asserted, â€Å"No black American author has ever felt the need to invent a nightmare to make [her] point† (Foner 89). Touched by the powerful effects of these destructive forces, Ann Moody holds herself with dignity and self-respect.She moves forward toward a goal of self-sufficiency, combining a consciousness of self, an awareness of the political realities of black life in the South, and an appreciation of the responsibility that such awareness implies. Moody, however, is not entirely uncritical of the blacks in Mississippi. In fact, like Richard Wright’s Black Boy, the autobiography of Anne Moody can be read as an articulate yet restrained critique of certain aspects of southern black folk culture. It is a culture of fear that a ttempts to stifle inquisitiveness.Many black adults actively discourage the children from asking probing questions about race relations. A curious black child, they are afraid, might grow up to be a rebellious adult, and rebellion, they knew, could be lethal in Mississippi. When Moody, as a child, wants to know why whiteness is a marker of privilege or when she asks questions about reports of racially motivated violence, she is faced with a wall of silence or sometimes even intimidation. Later when she becomes an activist, some of her relatives plead with her to abandon her activism; some, in fear of white retaliation, refuse to associate with her.However, Moody’s fiercest criticism is directed at the whites. She is relentless in her assault on the Mississippi way of life. While she freely acknowledges the decency of some individual whites, even contemplates the possibility of interracial unity, she carefully exposes how the politics of color informs every aspect of life in M ississippi. With appropriately sharp sarcasm, the title of her autobiography alludes to Margaret Mead’s famous text Coming of Age in Samoa.Mead, an American anthropologist, examines in her work the social rituals and cultural codes that govern an individual’s passage from childhood to young adulthood in a supposedly â€Å"primitive† Samoan culture. In Coming of Age in Mississippi, with nearly anthropological precision, Moody maps her initiatory journey from innocence to experience among the seemingly â€Å"primitive† whites of Mississippi. Coming of Age in Mississippi is divided into four sections. In the first section, titled â€Å"Childhood,† Moody remembers her early years amid the grinding poverty of rural Mississippi.Even though her parents labor in the cotton fields from dawn to dusk almost every day of the week, they are barely able to feed and clothe their children. At age nine Moody starts doing domestic work for white families. After her father abandons the family, she works several hours a day after school and on weekends to help feed her siblings. The opening section of the autobiography concludes with her recollection of her first calculated act of resistance to the southern racial codes. She begins to work for Mrs. Burke, a white woman. On her first day on the job Moody enters Mrs.Burke’s house through the front door. The next day, when she knocks on the front door, Mrs. Burke directs her to the back entrance and Moody complies. However, the following morning, Moody knocks on the front door again. Once Mrs. Burke realizes that she cannot dictate Moody’s conduct, she lets her do the domestic chores without complaining. â€Å"Working for her,† says Moody, â€Å"was a challenge,† and Mrs. Burke would be the â€Å"first one of her type† that Moody would defy as she grows older (117). Moody’s minor revolt against Mrs. Burke foreshadows her later civil rights activism.Her poli tical awakening begins during her teenage years, and Moody chronicles those years in the book’s second section, titled â€Å"High School. † When she asks her mother for the meaning of â€Å"NAACP† (127)—something she had overheard Mrs. Burke mention to a group of white women who regularly meet at her house—her mother angrily tells her never to mention that word in front of any white persons and orders her to complete her homework and go to sleep. Shortly thereafter Moody discovers that there is one adult in her life who could offer her the answers she seeks: Mrs.Rice, her homeroom teacher. Like Mrs. Bertha Flowers in Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Mrs. Rice plays a pivotal role in Moody’s maturation. She not only answers Moody’s questions about Emmett Till and the NAACP, but she volunteers a great deal more information about the state of race relations in Mississippi. Moody’s early curiosity about the NA ACP resurfaces later when she attends Tougaloo College. Titled â€Å"College,† the third section of the autobiography reveals Moody’s increasing commitment to political activism.The fourth and final section of the autobiography, titled â€Å"Movement,† documents Moody’s full-scale involvement in the struggle for civil rights. In the opening chapter of the final section Moody narrates her participation in a sit-in at a Woolworth’s lunch counter in Jackson. She and three other civil rights workers—two of them white—take their seats at the lunch counter. They are, predictably, denied service, but the four continue to sit and wait. Soon a large number of white students from a local high school pour into Woolworth’s.When the students realize that a sit-in is in progress, they crowd around Moody and her companions and begin to taunt them. The verbal abuse quickly turns physical. Moody, along with the other three, is beaten, kicked, a nd â€Å"dragged about thirty feet toward the door by [her] hair† (226). Then all four of them are â€Å"smeared with ketchup, mustard, sugar, pies and everything on the counter† (226). The abuse continues for almost three hours until they are rescued by Dr. Beittel, the president of Tougaloo College who arrives after being informed of the violence.When Moody is escorted out of Woolworth’s by Dr. Beittel, she realizes that â€Å"about ninety white police officers had been standing outside the store; they had been watching the whole thing through the windows, but had not come in to stop the mob or do anything† (267). This experience helps Moody understand â€Å"how sick Mississippi whites were† and how â€Å"their disease, an incurable disease,† could prompt them even to kill to preserve â€Å"the segregated Southern way of life† (267). In the chapters that follow she comments on the impact of the assassinations of Medgar Evers and Pre sident John F.Kennedy on the civil rights movement, the escalating turmoil across the South, and her participation in the attempts to integrate white churches in Jackson on the Sunday after the murder of Martin Luther King Jr. The short final chapter ends with her joining a busload of civil rights workers on their way to Washington, D. C. As the bus moves through the Mississippi landscape, her fellow travelers sing the anthem of the civil rights movement: â€Å"We shall overcome† (384). As she listens to the words of the song, Moody wonders. The autobiography ends with two short sentences: I WONDER. I really WONDER† (384).The word wonder, in the context of the autobiography, lends itself to two different meanings. On the one hand, it suggests that Moody is skeptical if blacks in Mississippi will ever â€Å"overcome,† as the anthem asserts. On the other hand, the word reveals her awe over her participation in a mass movement, her remarkable journey from her impove rished childhood on a plantation to her defiant participation as a young adult in a social rebellion that will shake the foundations of Mississippi, and the dignity and determination she sees on the faces of her fellow travelers on the bus to Washington, D. C. Both novels work well in determining the distinction between revolution and reform.The result, the Meat Inspection Act of 1906, was championed as a victory of progressive reform, but in many ways it was a defeat for Sinclair and his revolutionary ambition. Coming of Age in Mississippi expanded coverage and broadened understanding of the black freedom movement beyond the traditional major events, individuals, and institutions. Moody examined the relationship between organized labor and the black freedom struggle. Her book opened new ways of understanding the southern movement.The economic forces that inspired the works by Upton Sinclair and Anne Moody still operate. And the books do more than prove the importance of interracial labor solidarity. The works remind us that racialized enmity and violence are never without moral, political, and socioeconomic consequences. Works Cited Foner, Eric. The New American History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990. Moody, Anne. Coming of Age in Mississippi. Laurel Editions, 1992. Sinclair, Upton. The jungle. Memphis, Tenn. : St. Lukes’s Press, 1988.

Stress Urinary Incontinence In Women Health And Social Care Essay

Stress urinary incontinency ( SUI ) can impact up to 1 in 3 adult females between the ages of 16 to 65 old ages of age ( Fantl, 1996 ) doing it non an uncommon unwellness which frequently goes untreated due to embarrassment and low audience rates. There are a scope of causes of SUI although it is normally related back to a general weakening of the pelvic floor musculuss. However chief types of adult females affected are the aged ( Maggi, Minicuci, Langlois, Parvan, Enzi & A ; Crepaldi, 2001 ) and female parents that have delivered via a natural kid birth. Differences in force per unit area: In a normal balance between vesica and urethral force per unit area, the urethra force per unit area usually wins, ensuing in the musculuss staying tight and closed, keeping in piss. However, activities such as coughing, express joying, sneezing or physical activity, such as raising heavy objects, will raise intraabdominal force per unit area which will in bend alteration vesica force per unit area doing incontinency ( Abrams, Stanton, Griffiths, Rosier, Ulmsten, Van Kerrebroeck, Victor & A ; Wein, 2002 ) . Normal elimination of the vesica is due to this force per unit area displacement besides ; nevertheless in SUI the force is nonvoluntary. In SUI there is merely a deficiency of strength keeping these musculuss closed which is why sudden alterations in intraabdominal force per unit area can do the release of piss. Diagnosis: Initial diagnosing is simple with this unwellness and there is merely one major and obvious symptom ( with other minor symptoms that are secondary to the urinary incontinency ) . Diagnosis can merely happen if the patent is to show the symptom to a physician or medical practician, otherwise the issue can travel mostly untreated. Doctors will necessitate to travel through scope of patient proving to acquire a conclusive diagnosing. An accurate patient history will be required for things such as diet ( drinks high in water pills ) or old gestation ( weakening of the pelvic musculuss ) will necessitate to be noted ( Long, Giri & A ; Flood, 2008 ) . Patients may necessitate to be referred onto specializers such as Urologists or Gynecologists for uranalysis and physical scrutinies severally. History: Arnold Kegel ( 1894-1981 ) was a gynecologist and the discoverer of the Kegel Perineometer ( an instrument applied to mensurating vaginal air force per unit area ) and the Kegel exercises which he developed after he recognised the strength lack in SUI sick persons. The term â€Å" Kegels † has become synonymous with pelvic floor beef uping. In 1948 he published a paper titled â€Å" The nonsurgical intervention of venereal relaxation ; usage of the perineometer as an assistance in reconstructing anatomic and functional construction † . His initial research used corpses, which proved to be useless after musculus wasting had set in. After trying to name utilizing merely internal tactual exploration straight onto the affected musculuss, he created the Perineometer apparatus – designed to mensurate from nothing to 100mmHg of force per unit area. After 30 designs and 18 old ages of Kegel ‘s research and instance surveies, the original device has lead the manner for more modern electromyography perineometers which measure electrical activity across the musculus alternatively of force per unit area exerted over the pubococcygeus. His groundbreaking research allowed adult females who antecedently were non cognizant, to understand that the knoll of musculuss could be contracted voluntarily ( Kegel 1948 ) . Physiology & A ; Tissues injured The affects of Pregnancy: Day & A ; Goad ( 2010 ) depict the pelvic floor as the â€Å" knoll of musculuss, get downing at the pubic bone at the forepart of the pelvic girdle and passing between the legs to the base of the spinal column † . This big group of musculuss ( known as the Pubococcygeus ) work together to back up the direct internal variety meats, command the intestine and vesica from releasing, play a function in sexual activity and of class, childbearing ( Haslam, 2004 ) . There are a battalion of endocrines being created and released during gestation, one in peculiar is Relaxin. Relaxin is a peptide endocrine that is produced by the principal luteum of the ovaries that encourages the ligaments and soft tissue to go more elastic to advance an easier birth ( Day 2010 ) . There is no uncertainty that gestation is a traumatic experience on a adult female ‘s organic structure. The violent birth procedure can do lacrimation of the vagina and the anal sphincter which can take anyplace from hebdomads or months to mend. The mechanics of childbearing are consistent with the form of hurt of SUI. The chief musculuss affected in SUI are the levator ani and coccygeus musculuss which together form the pelvic stop. Herschorn ( 2004 ) writes that it is of import to observe that a combination of effectual smooth, striated and connective tissue are indispensable for a urethral sphincter to be functional and watertight. All of these musculuss and tissues together are responsible for counterbalancing and fastening farther when intraabdominal force per unit areas change. While the womb can take anyplace from 6 to 8 hebdomads to travel return to its original size, frequently the pelvic floor ne'er to the full regains its initial strength and stringency ( Barton, 20 04 ) . Prognosis What does this mean for our patient? Ideally, preventive strengthening is the ideal to advance the best recovery for this hurt. However, because Lucy has already had 3 natural childbearings, we can look to re-strengthening the pelvic floor musculuss with exercising. In the most terrible instances, surgery is recommended to mend the loss of tenseness and force per unit area. The most common signifier of surgery is the interpolation of a sling, which can be inserted laparoscopically or with minimum invasion via the vagina ( Daneshgari, Paraiso, Kaouk, Govier, Kozlowski & A ; Kobashi, 2006 ) . The sling is a narrow strap designed to sit under the urethra and can be made from semisynthetic mesh or the patients ain tissues, donated from another country of the organic structure. Another impermanent step is the usage of Bulking injections ( Day & A ; Goad, 2010 ) . It ‘s classified as impermanent because the process needs to be re-done about every 18 months. It involves the injection of substances that help maintain the urethra closed. The substances range from natural collagen, which can bring forth an allergic reaction in some patients, through to coaptite which is wholly man-made and more lasting. Suggested exercising suitable to lifestyle, hurt, recovery Technique: With right and regular day-to-day exercising from the patient, we can anticipate to see consequences within 6 hebdomads ( Choi, Palmer & A ; Park, 2007 ) . The Kegel exercising required can be described as fastening your pelvic musculuss as if you are seeking to keep back from go throughing air current whilst straining around a tampon in your vagina at the same time. Because the knoll of musculuss tallies from the anal sphincter laterally to run into with the forepart of the pubic bone, insulating merely the vaginal musculuss of the pelvic floor is highly hard in new patients hence integrating the anal sphincter contraction is portion of the acquisition procedure and is still found to be rather effectual. Patients can look into right technique by sitting on a steadfast chair and executing a set of Kegel exercises – If they feel themselves move upward from the surface of the chair due to force per unit area exerted, so the action has been achieved right. Biofeedback: This is where Biofeedback comes in to play. Peterson ( 2008 ) writes that biofeedback allows adult females to place, insulate, contract, and loosen up the pelvic floor musculuss either on their ain or whilst utilising equipment. It is a type of behavioral therapy that creates feedback or consciousness about a physiological organic structure motion or action. Because there is such a concentration of musculus groups in a little country, patients may hold issues with designation and isolation. One suggestion would be for the patient to self-palpate their vagina during a contraction, usually whist bathing and reclining. One of the most effectual methods of supplying biofeedback is the usage of a stimulation investigation. The investigation is inserted into the vagina and shows visible radiations or graphs when the correct musculuss are being tightened. Tiny electrodes are attached to both the interior and out of the pelvic part, mensurating where and when force per unit area & A ; electr icity are activated during a musculus contraction. Optimal biofeedback therapy uses a wages and acknowledgment type system to educate the patient with right and wrong musculus visual images ( Abdelghany, Hughes, Lammers, Wellbrock, Buffington & A ; Shank, 2001 ) . The patients see the right colors illuming up when right musculuss are engaged which provides positive support and furthermore, musculus memory. The natural re-training of the musculuss, coupled with a computerised ocular and audio feedback system shows the patient the direct relation to the physical control mechanism. Further methods are designed to recover optimization and the upper-hand in vesica control and release. The technique requires the patient to redact how the pelvic floor musculuss react when the vesica begins to make full, re-training it to â€Å" keep † for longer periods of clip. This is designed to promote the vesica to make full to its normal capacity before directing signals to the encephalon to e mpty or slop the piss. The intervention enhances the right musculuss required to lock-down the vesica successfully via the right sums of force per unit area needed. Exercise and vesica journals: It would be advisable for Lucy to maintain a journal of her Kegel exercisings and any cases of urinary incontinency, so she can supervise her ain betterments and progresss which will prolong personal motive. If she wishes to maintain a more advanced diary she can take to enter frequence of micturition, lessening of incontinency episodes & A ; type, volume and frequence of unstable consumption. Initially they are helpful in set uping the badness of the urinary incontinency ; as clip goes on it will enter and expose for the patient the incremental positive alterations that may otherwise travel lost.

Police Patrol Essay

Section 1 – Introduction Indeed, the safety and prosperity of local communities is dependent upon, in large part, a prevention of criminal activity.   It is in safe communities that businesses grow and prosper, people bring their families to live, and others like to visit.   With this in mind, the classic way to ensure that communities are free of crime is through the use of police patrol.   It is the police presence that has typically kept crime in check (Sklansky).   However, the financial cost of police patrol often makes such protection quite difficult to put into action.   In this research, the cost of police patrol will be examined through the discussion of the following article: Farrell, Graham, Erin Lane, Ken Clark, and Andromachi Tseloni. â€Å"What Does the World Spend on Policing? [*].† International Journal of Comparative Sociology (2001): 59. Conversely, alternative methods of crime prevention, aside from the use of the conventional police patrol will be examined through the discussion of this article: Rubin, Herbert J. â€Å"Economic Partnering with the Poor: Why Local Governments Should Work with Community-Based Development Organizations to Promote Economic Development.† International Journal of Public Administration 23.9 (2000): 1679. Additional sources will be cited where necessary to ultimately make the point that while police patrol is important, it is costly, and there are other methods/resources that can be tapped into to complement the effectiveness of police patrols without exceeding budgets or overextending the ability of small police forces to accomplish what they need to accomplish. Section 2 — The Main Points of the Two Articles Farrell, Graham, Erin Lane, Ken Clark, and Andromachi Tseloni. â€Å"What Does the World Spend on Policing? [*].† International Journal of Comparative Sociology (2001): 59. The main point of this article are that internationally, in small and large nations alike, the total amount of money spent on policing and crime prevention totals in the hundreds of billions of dollars, and with that, the question of whether or not that money is well spent.   Additionally, the article discusses the role of civilians in the process of preventing crime, which reduces the burden on the conventional police patrol. Rubin, Herbert J. â€Å"Economic Partnering with the Poor: Why Local Governments Should Work with Community-Based Development Organizations to Promote Economic Development.† International Journal of Public Administration 23.9 (2000): 1679. In close relation to the first article, this article makes the point that among other governmental organizations, local police agencies should work with community-based, civilian organizations to achieve the goal of fighting crime, which is one of the main reasons for the existence of police patrols themselves. Section 3 – Comparison and Contrast of the Two Articles The two articles chosen for this research do in fact possess similarities and differences which, ironically, all contribute to making the point that police patrols are effective and necessary, but would not be effective, and indeed cannot be effective, if they are overburdened by too much work for too few officers, or if the police organizations are unduly restrained by a lack of economic resources. First, the Farrell article weighs the cost of police patrol against the results that are obtained for the money that is spent.   Far from saying that police patrols are ineffective, the article says that overburdened police patrols are ineffective, and therefore, in lieu of money that does not exist, police patrols should be aided by community/civilian resources whenever possible. Following on the heels of the first article, the Rubin article makes the very important point that local police agencies, if faced with a lack of funds, should work more closely with community organizations in order to achieve effective crime prevention and apprehension of criminal offenders after the fact. In a roundabout way, both articles do in fact make the same point; if police patrols are to be effective in the future as they have been in the past, they will need some help.   The answer is not to overextend patrols or to cut them due to underfunding, but rather to collaborate more closely with the community for the mutual benefit of both.   The modern police force faces challenges that those of the past did not; increasing need for diversity in police forces, additional personnel because of the increases in crime, and population increases make the scope of the traditional police patrol much more complicated and expensive than ever before (Sklansky).   Also significant is the huge cost of the processing of criminal cases in courts of law due to the increasing complexity of criminal law (Frodsham) Section 4 – Conclusion Based on the analysis of these articles and accompanying additional resources, the conclusion has been reached that police patrols are very effective, if and only if they are either properly funded or if they are assisted by civilians and community organizations in the absence of adequate funding.   Therefore, in conclusion, police patrols should be continued, and should be supported by communities if they are to continue to properly function.