Classification Essay - PTA Personalities -- Classification Essays

PTA Personalities Many public institutions rely on the generosity and help of volunteers in order to run smoothly. One of the more important institutions is the school, and one of the most visible volunteers in the school is the PTA volunteer. These volunteers fulfill a necessary role, especially for the elementary schools, by augmenting the work of the principal and teachers with extras that the school ordinarily would not have. The people who do the volunteer work are varied, but the PTA seems to act as a magnet for three types of personalities: the power seeker, the eager beaver, and the dependable worker. Dominating Dora, the "power seeker," usually starts off as a committee chairman and almost always ends up as the PTA president. She feels she must run the PTA her way because only she knows the best way to do it. She calls board meetings often and is incensed and hurt if someone misses the meeting. All jobs must be done her way, and she frequently organizes half of the job before it is delegated. She then checks up to see if it is being done precisely as she organized it. On the other hand, she may not delegate anything at all, preferring to do most of the work herself. Not delegating the work ensures that it will be done properly, namely her way. Dominating Dora usually follows an unacknowledged personal agenda to gain status, prestige, influence, and authority; she often has no idea that she is following a personal agenda. The school personnel are wary of her since she is very bossy in her dealings with everyone. She even goes so far as to tell the principal and teacher s how to go about their own jobs. Dominating Dora also promotes programs within the PTA that the principal often ... ...ant to what she is doing. The "dependable worker" like Normal Nancy does not burn out because she paces herself, works steadily, and fills in the gaps where needed. Doras and Ritas may come and go, but Nancys "keep going and going and going." The interesting thing about the "power seeker," the "eager beaver," and the "dependable worker" is that they are all necessary to run the PTA organization. Their quirks are what make them important in getting the activities planned, the prizes made, the playground equipment ordered, and the book fair organized. Another noteworthy fact is that, when necessary, any PTA volunteer can become any one of these three types of people. The fact that a "power seeker," an "eager beaver," and a "dependable worker" can fit together like a puzzle to form a bigger picture is the miracle of the PTA volunteer organization.

Working class and racial discrimination

Each period of U. S. history presents an opportunity to think about the history of working class and racial discrimination. Having yet to develop thorough, critical, and radical interpretations of the civil rights struggle, historians have tended to share a sympathetic attitude toward the quest for civil rights. They also lack the advantage recently gained by diplomatic historians with the end of the cold war, and they cannot, and do not want to, declare the straggle to be â€Å"over† because racial discord has not ended and racial justice has not been achieved.Historians will, therefore, continue to write about an ongoing movement for equal rights in which their advocacy and support seem to them important to the movement's success. Surveys of the literature by Upton Sinclair and Anne Moody have already made important contributions in identifying persistent problems. For these writers, direct personal participation preceded writing about the movements. Unlike Sinclair’s The Jungle, Moody’s Coming of Age in Mississippi is compelling autobiographical narratives in the African American literary tradition.In a voice that is as subtle as it is insistent, as unpretentious as it is uncompromising, Moody maps her coming of age in Mississippi during the repressive 1940s and 1950s and the turbulent early years of the 1960s. Yet Moody’s narrative is more than a poignant personal testimony; it is an immensely valuable cultural document that offers an insightful view of life in Mississippi during the middle decades of the twentieth century and the carefully orchestrated resistance to that way of life that the civil rights movement initiated during the 1960s.The beautiful descriptions of Moody’s Coming of Age in Mississippi are all very good. They served a purpose and served it well. Coming of Age in Mississippi was a great book. It is lively and warm. It is written with pain and blood and groans and tears. It says not what man should be, b ut what man is forced to be in our world. It presents not what our country should be, but it describes what our country really is, the residence of pressure and unfairness, a nightmare of suffering, an inferno hell, a jungle of wild brutes.But I consider that The Jungle, which has beautiful theories, is even a greater book. It was the novel, which was responsible for the passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act. In 1906, Sinclair's The Jungle catapulted him into almost-immediate fame. The Jungle became a best-seller in many languages and actually made Sinclair's name known all over the world. The New York Evening World announced: â€Å"Not since Byron awoke one morning to find himself famous has there been such an example of world-wide fame won in a day by a book as has come to Upton Sinclair† (Foner 89).The Jungle produced big public excitement. I think that Upton Sinclair was emotionally involved in the creating of The Jungle. Though Upton Sinclair's The Jungle concentrates mo re on working-class struggle than mobility, it does as well good job in getting readers to think about socialism, immigration, capitalism, and future reform. Written in Chicago's immigrant neighborhood under the name the Back of the Yards, The Jungle beckons readers to look for history of this neighborhood.Descriptions of the neighborhood encourage readers to think about places where the author was writing and to understand historical events. The labor struggle in the book is based on the ineffective stockyard strike by workers of the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen in Chicago in 1904. Sinclair, who was there as a journalist for the Socialist weekly Appeal to Reason, stood among a growing number of pro-labor social workers. Unlike Moody, however, Sinclair evidently had much less sympathy for the struggles of African Americans, as his racialist description of the strikebreakers makes clear.In fact, Sinclair described a group of the strikebreakers as â€Å"a throng of st upid black Negroes, and foreigners who could not understand a word that was said to them† (260). Sinclair describes the strikebreakers – especially the African Americans – as idle, unqualified, and threatening. He had the most tractable pupils, however. â€Å"See hyar, boss,† a big black â€Å"buck† would begin, â€Å"ef you doan’ like de way Ah does dis job, you kin get somebody else to do it. † Then a crowd would gather and listen, muttering threats. After the first meal nearly all the steel knives had been missing,and now every Negro had one, ground to a fine point, hidden in his boot (261). Sinclair's recurring mention of African American men as  «bucks » deserves attention. Studying the stereotypes of African Americans, Donald Bogle observes the character of the black buck or black brute in D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation. Bogle depicts the African Americans as â€Å"subhuman †¦ nameless characters setting out on a rampage of black rage. Bucks are always big, baaadd [sic] niggers, over sexed and savage, violent and frenzied as they lust for white flesh† (Foner 41). Sinclair presents a similar stereotype.He dramatizes the accusation by union officials in Chicago where African American strikebreakers brought amoral conditions to the plants because they were more lecherous than white workers. The lack of remonstrance to racist passages gives additional proof of white supremacy during this time, which claimed â€Å"that the Negro belonged to an inferior race and warned their comrades against violating the Caucasian purity of their association†. Unlike Sinclair, Moody presents the South through the eyes of Negro in the battle against Mississippi’s deep-rooted racist institutions and practices that remained largely unchallenged until the 1960s.While Sinclair again minimizes the cruelty against African American workers by simply saying that the â€Å"scab† who made the mi stake of going into Packingtown â€Å"fared badly† (263) Moody emphasizes the harsh realities of life in the Deep South in the mid-twentieth century—in Arkansas and Mississippi, respectively. As the critic Roger Rosenblatt has asserted, â€Å"No black American author has ever felt the need to invent a nightmare to make [her] point† (Foner 89). Touched by the powerful effects of these destructive forces, Ann Moody holds herself with dignity and self-respect.She moves forward toward a goal of self-sufficiency, combining a consciousness of self, an awareness of the political realities of black life in the South, and an appreciation of the responsibility that such awareness implies. Moody, however, is not entirely uncritical of the blacks in Mississippi. In fact, like Richard Wright’s Black Boy, the autobiography of Anne Moody can be read as an articulate yet restrained critique of certain aspects of southern black folk culture. It is a culture of fear that a ttempts to stifle inquisitiveness.Many black adults actively discourage the children from asking probing questions about race relations. A curious black child, they are afraid, might grow up to be a rebellious adult, and rebellion, they knew, could be lethal in Mississippi. When Moody, as a child, wants to know why whiteness is a marker of privilege or when she asks questions about reports of racially motivated violence, she is faced with a wall of silence or sometimes even intimidation. Later when she becomes an activist, some of her relatives plead with her to abandon her activism; some, in fear of white retaliation, refuse to associate with her.However, Moody’s fiercest criticism is directed at the whites. She is relentless in her assault on the Mississippi way of life. While she freely acknowledges the decency of some individual whites, even contemplates the possibility of interracial unity, she carefully exposes how the politics of color informs every aspect of life in M ississippi. With appropriately sharp sarcasm, the title of her autobiography alludes to Margaret Mead’s famous text Coming of Age in Samoa.Mead, an American anthropologist, examines in her work the social rituals and cultural codes that govern an individual’s passage from childhood to young adulthood in a supposedly â€Å"primitive† Samoan culture. In Coming of Age in Mississippi, with nearly anthropological precision, Moody maps her initiatory journey from innocence to experience among the seemingly â€Å"primitive† whites of Mississippi. Coming of Age in Mississippi is divided into four sections. In the first section, titled â€Å"Childhood,† Moody remembers her early years amid the grinding poverty of rural Mississippi.Even though her parents labor in the cotton fields from dawn to dusk almost every day of the week, they are barely able to feed and clothe their children. At age nine Moody starts doing domestic work for white families. After her father abandons the family, she works several hours a day after school and on weekends to help feed her siblings. The opening section of the autobiography concludes with her recollection of her first calculated act of resistance to the southern racial codes. She begins to work for Mrs. Burke, a white woman. On her first day on the job Moody enters Mrs.Burke’s house through the front door. The next day, when she knocks on the front door, Mrs. Burke directs her to the back entrance and Moody complies. However, the following morning, Moody knocks on the front door again. Once Mrs. Burke realizes that she cannot dictate Moody’s conduct, she lets her do the domestic chores without complaining. â€Å"Working for her,† says Moody, â€Å"was a challenge,† and Mrs. Burke would be the â€Å"first one of her type† that Moody would defy as she grows older (117). Moody’s minor revolt against Mrs. Burke foreshadows her later civil rights activism.Her poli tical awakening begins during her teenage years, and Moody chronicles those years in the book’s second section, titled â€Å"High School. † When she asks her mother for the meaning of â€Å"NAACP† (127)—something she had overheard Mrs. Burke mention to a group of white women who regularly meet at her house—her mother angrily tells her never to mention that word in front of any white persons and orders her to complete her homework and go to sleep. Shortly thereafter Moody discovers that there is one adult in her life who could offer her the answers she seeks: Mrs.Rice, her homeroom teacher. Like Mrs. Bertha Flowers in Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Mrs. Rice plays a pivotal role in Moody’s maturation. She not only answers Moody’s questions about Emmett Till and the NAACP, but she volunteers a great deal more information about the state of race relations in Mississippi. Moody’s early curiosity about the NA ACP resurfaces later when she attends Tougaloo College. Titled â€Å"College,† the third section of the autobiography reveals Moody’s increasing commitment to political activism.The fourth and final section of the autobiography, titled â€Å"Movement,† documents Moody’s full-scale involvement in the struggle for civil rights. In the opening chapter of the final section Moody narrates her participation in a sit-in at a Woolworth’s lunch counter in Jackson. She and three other civil rights workers—two of them white—take their seats at the lunch counter. They are, predictably, denied service, but the four continue to sit and wait. Soon a large number of white students from a local high school pour into Woolworth’s.When the students realize that a sit-in is in progress, they crowd around Moody and her companions and begin to taunt them. The verbal abuse quickly turns physical. Moody, along with the other three, is beaten, kicked, a nd â€Å"dragged about thirty feet toward the door by [her] hair† (226). Then all four of them are â€Å"smeared with ketchup, mustard, sugar, pies and everything on the counter† (226). The abuse continues for almost three hours until they are rescued by Dr. Beittel, the president of Tougaloo College who arrives after being informed of the violence.When Moody is escorted out of Woolworth’s by Dr. Beittel, she realizes that â€Å"about ninety white police officers had been standing outside the store; they had been watching the whole thing through the windows, but had not come in to stop the mob or do anything† (267). This experience helps Moody understand â€Å"how sick Mississippi whites were† and how â€Å"their disease, an incurable disease,† could prompt them even to kill to preserve â€Å"the segregated Southern way of life† (267). In the chapters that follow she comments on the impact of the assassinations of Medgar Evers and Pre sident John F.Kennedy on the civil rights movement, the escalating turmoil across the South, and her participation in the attempts to integrate white churches in Jackson on the Sunday after the murder of Martin Luther King Jr. The short final chapter ends with her joining a busload of civil rights workers on their way to Washington, D. C. As the bus moves through the Mississippi landscape, her fellow travelers sing the anthem of the civil rights movement: â€Å"We shall overcome† (384). As she listens to the words of the song, Moody wonders. The autobiography ends with two short sentences: I WONDER. I really WONDER† (384).The word wonder, in the context of the autobiography, lends itself to two different meanings. On the one hand, it suggests that Moody is skeptical if blacks in Mississippi will ever â€Å"overcome,† as the anthem asserts. On the other hand, the word reveals her awe over her participation in a mass movement, her remarkable journey from her impove rished childhood on a plantation to her defiant participation as a young adult in a social rebellion that will shake the foundations of Mississippi, and the dignity and determination she sees on the faces of her fellow travelers on the bus to Washington, D. C. Both novels work well in determining the distinction between revolution and reform.The result, the Meat Inspection Act of 1906, was championed as a victory of progressive reform, but in many ways it was a defeat for Sinclair and his revolutionary ambition. Coming of Age in Mississippi expanded coverage and broadened understanding of the black freedom movement beyond the traditional major events, individuals, and institutions. Moody examined the relationship between organized labor and the black freedom struggle. Her book opened new ways of understanding the southern movement.The economic forces that inspired the works by Upton Sinclair and Anne Moody still operate. And the books do more than prove the importance of interracial labor solidarity. The works remind us that racialized enmity and violence are never without moral, political, and socioeconomic consequences. Works Cited Foner, Eric. The New American History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990. Moody, Anne. Coming of Age in Mississippi. Laurel Editions, 1992. Sinclair, Upton. The jungle. Memphis, Tenn. : St. Lukes’s Press, 1988.

Stress Urinary Incontinence In Women Health And Social Care Essay

Stress urinary incontinency ( SUI ) can impact up to 1 in 3 adult females between the ages of 16 to 65 old ages of age ( Fantl, 1996 ) doing it non an uncommon unwellness which frequently goes untreated due to embarrassment and low audience rates. There are a scope of causes of SUI although it is normally related back to a general weakening of the pelvic floor musculuss. However chief types of adult females affected are the aged ( Maggi, Minicuci, Langlois, Parvan, Enzi & A ; Crepaldi, 2001 ) and female parents that have delivered via a natural kid birth. Differences in force per unit area: In a normal balance between vesica and urethral force per unit area, the urethra force per unit area usually wins, ensuing in the musculuss staying tight and closed, keeping in piss. However, activities such as coughing, express joying, sneezing or physical activity, such as raising heavy objects, will raise intraabdominal force per unit area which will in bend alteration vesica force per unit area doing incontinency ( Abrams, Stanton, Griffiths, Rosier, Ulmsten, Van Kerrebroeck, Victor & A ; Wein, 2002 ) . Normal elimination of the vesica is due to this force per unit area displacement besides ; nevertheless in SUI the force is nonvoluntary. In SUI there is merely a deficiency of strength keeping these musculuss closed which is why sudden alterations in intraabdominal force per unit area can do the release of piss. Diagnosis: Initial diagnosing is simple with this unwellness and there is merely one major and obvious symptom ( with other minor symptoms that are secondary to the urinary incontinency ) . Diagnosis can merely happen if the patent is to show the symptom to a physician or medical practician, otherwise the issue can travel mostly untreated. Doctors will necessitate to travel through scope of patient proving to acquire a conclusive diagnosing. An accurate patient history will be required for things such as diet ( drinks high in water pills ) or old gestation ( weakening of the pelvic musculuss ) will necessitate to be noted ( Long, Giri & A ; Flood, 2008 ) . Patients may necessitate to be referred onto specializers such as Urologists or Gynecologists for uranalysis and physical scrutinies severally. History: Arnold Kegel ( 1894-1981 ) was a gynecologist and the discoverer of the Kegel Perineometer ( an instrument applied to mensurating vaginal air force per unit area ) and the Kegel exercises which he developed after he recognised the strength lack in SUI sick persons. The term â€Å" Kegels † has become synonymous with pelvic floor beef uping. In 1948 he published a paper titled â€Å" The nonsurgical intervention of venereal relaxation ; usage of the perineometer as an assistance in reconstructing anatomic and functional construction † . His initial research used corpses, which proved to be useless after musculus wasting had set in. After trying to name utilizing merely internal tactual exploration straight onto the affected musculuss, he created the Perineometer apparatus – designed to mensurate from nothing to 100mmHg of force per unit area. After 30 designs and 18 old ages of Kegel ‘s research and instance surveies, the original device has lead the manner for more modern electromyography perineometers which measure electrical activity across the musculus alternatively of force per unit area exerted over the pubococcygeus. His groundbreaking research allowed adult females who antecedently were non cognizant, to understand that the knoll of musculuss could be contracted voluntarily ( Kegel 1948 ) . Physiology & A ; Tissues injured The affects of Pregnancy: Day & A ; Goad ( 2010 ) depict the pelvic floor as the â€Å" knoll of musculuss, get downing at the pubic bone at the forepart of the pelvic girdle and passing between the legs to the base of the spinal column † . This big group of musculuss ( known as the Pubococcygeus ) work together to back up the direct internal variety meats, command the intestine and vesica from releasing, play a function in sexual activity and of class, childbearing ( Haslam, 2004 ) . There are a battalion of endocrines being created and released during gestation, one in peculiar is Relaxin. Relaxin is a peptide endocrine that is produced by the principal luteum of the ovaries that encourages the ligaments and soft tissue to go more elastic to advance an easier birth ( Day 2010 ) . There is no uncertainty that gestation is a traumatic experience on a adult female ‘s organic structure. The violent birth procedure can do lacrimation of the vagina and the anal sphincter which can take anyplace from hebdomads or months to mend. The mechanics of childbearing are consistent with the form of hurt of SUI. The chief musculuss affected in SUI are the levator ani and coccygeus musculuss which together form the pelvic stop. Herschorn ( 2004 ) writes that it is of import to observe that a combination of effectual smooth, striated and connective tissue are indispensable for a urethral sphincter to be functional and watertight. All of these musculuss and tissues together are responsible for counterbalancing and fastening farther when intraabdominal force per unit areas change. While the womb can take anyplace from 6 to 8 hebdomads to travel return to its original size, frequently the pelvic floor ne'er to the full regains its initial strength and stringency ( Barton, 20 04 ) . Prognosis What does this mean for our patient? Ideally, preventive strengthening is the ideal to advance the best recovery for this hurt. However, because Lucy has already had 3 natural childbearings, we can look to re-strengthening the pelvic floor musculuss with exercising. In the most terrible instances, surgery is recommended to mend the loss of tenseness and force per unit area. The most common signifier of surgery is the interpolation of a sling, which can be inserted laparoscopically or with minimum invasion via the vagina ( Daneshgari, Paraiso, Kaouk, Govier, Kozlowski & A ; Kobashi, 2006 ) . The sling is a narrow strap designed to sit under the urethra and can be made from semisynthetic mesh or the patients ain tissues, donated from another country of the organic structure. Another impermanent step is the usage of Bulking injections ( Day & A ; Goad, 2010 ) . It ‘s classified as impermanent because the process needs to be re-done about every 18 months. It involves the injection of substances that help maintain the urethra closed. The substances range from natural collagen, which can bring forth an allergic reaction in some patients, through to coaptite which is wholly man-made and more lasting. Suggested exercising suitable to lifestyle, hurt, recovery Technique: With right and regular day-to-day exercising from the patient, we can anticipate to see consequences within 6 hebdomads ( Choi, Palmer & A ; Park, 2007 ) . The Kegel exercising required can be described as fastening your pelvic musculuss as if you are seeking to keep back from go throughing air current whilst straining around a tampon in your vagina at the same time. Because the knoll of musculuss tallies from the anal sphincter laterally to run into with the forepart of the pubic bone, insulating merely the vaginal musculuss of the pelvic floor is highly hard in new patients hence integrating the anal sphincter contraction is portion of the acquisition procedure and is still found to be rather effectual. Patients can look into right technique by sitting on a steadfast chair and executing a set of Kegel exercises – If they feel themselves move upward from the surface of the chair due to force per unit area exerted, so the action has been achieved right. Biofeedback: This is where Biofeedback comes in to play. Peterson ( 2008 ) writes that biofeedback allows adult females to place, insulate, contract, and loosen up the pelvic floor musculuss either on their ain or whilst utilising equipment. It is a type of behavioral therapy that creates feedback or consciousness about a physiological organic structure motion or action. Because there is such a concentration of musculus groups in a little country, patients may hold issues with designation and isolation. One suggestion would be for the patient to self-palpate their vagina during a contraction, usually whist bathing and reclining. One of the most effectual methods of supplying biofeedback is the usage of a stimulation investigation. The investigation is inserted into the vagina and shows visible radiations or graphs when the correct musculuss are being tightened. Tiny electrodes are attached to both the interior and out of the pelvic part, mensurating where and when force per unit area & A ; electr icity are activated during a musculus contraction. Optimal biofeedback therapy uses a wages and acknowledgment type system to educate the patient with right and wrong musculus visual images ( Abdelghany, Hughes, Lammers, Wellbrock, Buffington & A ; Shank, 2001 ) . The patients see the right colors illuming up when right musculuss are engaged which provides positive support and furthermore, musculus memory. The natural re-training of the musculuss, coupled with a computerised ocular and audio feedback system shows the patient the direct relation to the physical control mechanism. Further methods are designed to recover optimization and the upper-hand in vesica control and release. The technique requires the patient to redact how the pelvic floor musculuss react when the vesica begins to make full, re-training it to â€Å" keep † for longer periods of clip. This is designed to promote the vesica to make full to its normal capacity before directing signals to the encephalon to e mpty or slop the piss. The intervention enhances the right musculuss required to lock-down the vesica successfully via the right sums of force per unit area needed. Exercise and vesica journals: It would be advisable for Lucy to maintain a journal of her Kegel exercisings and any cases of urinary incontinency, so she can supervise her ain betterments and progresss which will prolong personal motive. If she wishes to maintain a more advanced diary she can take to enter frequence of micturition, lessening of incontinency episodes & A ; type, volume and frequence of unstable consumption. Initially they are helpful in set uping the badness of the urinary incontinency ; as clip goes on it will enter and expose for the patient the incremental positive alterations that may otherwise travel lost.

Police Patrol Essay

Section 1 – Introduction Indeed, the safety and prosperity of local communities is dependent upon, in large part, a prevention of criminal activity.   It is in safe communities that businesses grow and prosper, people bring their families to live, and others like to visit.   With this in mind, the classic way to ensure that communities are free of crime is through the use of police patrol.   It is the police presence that has typically kept crime in check (Sklansky).   However, the financial cost of police patrol often makes such protection quite difficult to put into action.   In this research, the cost of police patrol will be examined through the discussion of the following article: Farrell, Graham, Erin Lane, Ken Clark, and Andromachi Tseloni. â€Å"What Does the World Spend on Policing? [*].† International Journal of Comparative Sociology (2001): 59. Conversely, alternative methods of crime prevention, aside from the use of the conventional police patrol will be examined through the discussion of this article: Rubin, Herbert J. â€Å"Economic Partnering with the Poor: Why Local Governments Should Work with Community-Based Development Organizations to Promote Economic Development.† International Journal of Public Administration 23.9 (2000): 1679. Additional sources will be cited where necessary to ultimately make the point that while police patrol is important, it is costly, and there are other methods/resources that can be tapped into to complement the effectiveness of police patrols without exceeding budgets or overextending the ability of small police forces to accomplish what they need to accomplish. Section 2 — The Main Points of the Two Articles Farrell, Graham, Erin Lane, Ken Clark, and Andromachi Tseloni. â€Å"What Does the World Spend on Policing? [*].† International Journal of Comparative Sociology (2001): 59. The main point of this article are that internationally, in small and large nations alike, the total amount of money spent on policing and crime prevention totals in the hundreds of billions of dollars, and with that, the question of whether or not that money is well spent.   Additionally, the article discusses the role of civilians in the process of preventing crime, which reduces the burden on the conventional police patrol. Rubin, Herbert J. â€Å"Economic Partnering with the Poor: Why Local Governments Should Work with Community-Based Development Organizations to Promote Economic Development.† International Journal of Public Administration 23.9 (2000): 1679. In close relation to the first article, this article makes the point that among other governmental organizations, local police agencies should work with community-based, civilian organizations to achieve the goal of fighting crime, which is one of the main reasons for the existence of police patrols themselves. Section 3 – Comparison and Contrast of the Two Articles The two articles chosen for this research do in fact possess similarities and differences which, ironically, all contribute to making the point that police patrols are effective and necessary, but would not be effective, and indeed cannot be effective, if they are overburdened by too much work for too few officers, or if the police organizations are unduly restrained by a lack of economic resources. First, the Farrell article weighs the cost of police patrol against the results that are obtained for the money that is spent.   Far from saying that police patrols are ineffective, the article says that overburdened police patrols are ineffective, and therefore, in lieu of money that does not exist, police patrols should be aided by community/civilian resources whenever possible. Following on the heels of the first article, the Rubin article makes the very important point that local police agencies, if faced with a lack of funds, should work more closely with community organizations in order to achieve effective crime prevention and apprehension of criminal offenders after the fact. In a roundabout way, both articles do in fact make the same point; if police patrols are to be effective in the future as they have been in the past, they will need some help.   The answer is not to overextend patrols or to cut them due to underfunding, but rather to collaborate more closely with the community for the mutual benefit of both.   The modern police force faces challenges that those of the past did not; increasing need for diversity in police forces, additional personnel because of the increases in crime, and population increases make the scope of the traditional police patrol much more complicated and expensive than ever before (Sklansky).   Also significant is the huge cost of the processing of criminal cases in courts of law due to the increasing complexity of criminal law (Frodsham) Section 4 – Conclusion Based on the analysis of these articles and accompanying additional resources, the conclusion has been reached that police patrols are very effective, if and only if they are either properly funded or if they are assisted by civilians and community organizations in the absence of adequate funding.   Therefore, in conclusion, police patrols should be continued, and should be supported by communities if they are to continue to properly function.

Compare the representation of the Victorian woman in The French Essay

Compare the representation of the Victorian woman in The French Lieutenant's Woman and Dracula - Essay Example Social class structures were beginning to break down as common men were able to make fortunes in industry and landowners found it more and more difficult to keep the idyllic life they’d constructed alive. Women, too, were beginning to question their allotted place in society as more and more opportunities opened for them in the urban centers of the country, providing them with a means of supporting themselves and freeing themselves from the yoke of male domination. However, at the same time, these positions were not the equal rights positions of modern times, so it was often difficult to determine whether one wanted to sacrifice freedom for comfort or comfort for freedom. Rarely was it possible to attain both. All of these social and economical concerns can be found in the novels written during this time period. â€Å"The Victorian novel, with its emphasis on the realistic portrayal of social life, represented many Victorian issues in the stories of its characters† (Gre enblatt, 2005). Two of these novels, The French Lieutenant’s Woman by John Fowles and Dracula by Bram Stoker, portray similar tales of women, Sarah and Lucy, who deviate from the expected behavior as they compare to Ernestine and Mina, who have upheld the social norms, yet each finds drastically different conclusions partially as a result of the different perspectives offered by the authors, one having lived in the Victorian period itself and the other writing within a historical framework from a more modern world. In both novels, the reader is introduced to a similar figure in Victorian society, that of the unmarried, young, educated yet penniless woman who fits into no specific social class. Sarah Woodruff in The French Lieutenant’s Woman is quickly understood to be an ex-governess who has no independent income and depends upon others for her well-being while Mina Murray in

Research of the HIV Virus (as a pathogenic microorganism) Essay

Research of the HIV Virus (as a pathogenic microorganism) - Essay Example HIV can be transmitted – and therefore originates – from direct contact of a mucous membrane with a bodily fluid that contains HIV, such as semen, vaginal fluid, blood, preseminal fluid, or even breast milk. This transmission can come in any of several forms: penetrative (anal or vaginal) sex, oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated needles, exchange between mother and infant during pregnancy or childbirth, exchange between mother and infant during breastfeeding, or through any other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids. HIV is spread most commonly by having unprotected sex with an infected partner. There are several early warning symptoms of the HIV infection. Many people do not experience any of these symptoms when they first become infected, but â€Å"†¦may, however, have a flu-like illness within a month or two after exposure to the virus.† (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2005). These symptoms can and may include any or all of the following: month or two after first experienced and are then often mistaken as had being simply another viral infection, such as a cold or flu. It is during this period that people are especially infectious, which may partially explain the increasing epidemic of the virus. In fact, more persistent or severe symptoms may not actually even appear for 10 years or more after HIV first enters the body in adults, or within 2 years in children born with HIV infection. â€Å"This period of ‘asymptomatic’ infection varies greatly in each individual. Some people may begin to have symptoms within a few months, while others may be symptom-free for more than 10 years.† (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2005). Although there is this ‘asymptomatic’ period of the virus, the entire time the virus is still actively multiplying, infecting and killing cells of the immune system. The virus can also hide within infected cells and lay

Research Method-The Problem of Online Shopping Essay

Research Method-The Problem of Online Shopping - Essay Example With online shopping, less time is spent in queues and travels, less money is used in traveling to the stores, chances for pilferage are abated and the geographical barriers between the consumer and the retailer are significantly attenuated. Nevertheless, it is a fact that any human construct is inherently flawed, its merits and many benefits notwithstanding. Online shopping having been contrived by man is not an exception. It is against this backdrop that some of the shortcomings of online shopping are to be discussed forthwith. Problem statement Serious problems accost online shopping, despite its many advantages. The need to tackle these problems is necessitated by the desire to make online shopping more efficient and more secure. The import of this is that it is only upon these problems being discussed, that online shopping can be made more secure, efficient and more user-friendly. There can never be the provision of a viable and sustainable solution without the identification an d discussion of co-occurring problems. The flipside of this is that the failure to discuss these problems is bound to leave online shoppers susceptible to security breaches and general and systems malfunctions. Background and rationale This study is sustained against the backdrop of online shopping’s popularity which continues to suffuse almost all trading blocks. At the moment, online trading or shopping is steadily growing, just as Shah (2012) points out that it has grown from 0.4% in the first quarter of 2012 to 3.9% in the third quarter of 2011. With this growing popularity, the need to strengthen online shopping against its pitfalls remains paramount. Likewise, there can be no strengthening of online shopping without the accurate identification of the loopholes that characterise online shopping. This means that the main intention of this study is not to merely discount online shopping on the account of its weakness. On the contrary, the necessity of this study is precipi tated by the need to ultimately seal the problems of online shopping by identifying the same problems first. Literature review According to a research study that Weiyin-Hong, James and Kar-Yan (2005) conducted and discussed in the Journal of Management Information Systems, the chief problem of online shopping is fraud and security concerns. Some of the problems that border on security matters include identity theft, preponderance of spyware and faulty products. Courtesy of the research study in the Journal of Management Information Systems, Weiyin-Hong, James and Kar-Yan (2005) established that the problem of insecurity is compounded by another sub-problem which is the inability to physically inspect online merchandise before the transaction. The same problem is further aggravated by the merchant’s inability to detect fraudulent purchases. Fraudulent purchases are made with stolen cards, or fraudulent circumventing systems that regulate online purchases. Conversely, clients h ave also had to contend with security shortfalls when participating in online shopping. One of the security breaches that online shoppers have to deal with is phishing. Phishing happens in an instance where online shoppers are duped into thinking that they are dealing with a genuine or reputable dealer. Thus, these online shoppers proceed to feed their private